3 The New York Years (1931–1953)

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230 5 Biological Species and Speciation—Mayr’s First Synthesis Brief History of the Biological Species Concept The history of the biological species concept (BSC) goes back to the early 19th century (Mayr 1955e, 1957f, 1959a, 1963b: 482–488, 1980f: 33, 1982d: 270–272; Grant 1994; Glaubrecht 2004; Haffer 1992, 2006). The first authors who used a biological “shared essence” (fertility of matings) for a species definition were John Ray (1627– 1705) in 1686 and Georges Buffon (1707–1788) in 1749. However, their language indicates that species, although real entities, are essentialistically constant and invariable. Buffon’s species concept was widely adopted in Europe during the late 18th and early 19th centuries including Carl Illiger (1775–1813) in Germany whose “Thoughts on the concepts species and genus in natural history” Mayr (1968i) translated into English. He cited (1942e: 156; 1963b: 483) the amazingly perceptive remarks on species and allopatric speciation by Leopold von Buch (1774–1853) in 1819 and 1825 about which Mayr may have learned from the articles by Robert Mertens (1894–1975) in 1928 or several earlier authors who had also referred to L. von Buch’s theory. This theory deeply influenced Charles Darwin who had adopted a biological species concept in his notebooks during the 1830s, but later gave it up. Major contributions to the formulation of the biological species concept and the theory of allopatric speciation during the 19th century were then made by H. W. Bates, A. R. Wallace, B. Walsh, H. Seebohm and later during the early 20th century by Karl Jordan, Edward Poulton, Ludwig Plate, Erwin Stresemann and B. Rensch (Fig. 5.7). Dobzhansky (1935, 1937, 1940) discussed genetic differences between every discrete group of individuals and the development of isolating mechanisms through natural selection. He proposed the most useful term “isolating mechanism” between species, but he included not only intrinsic but also extrinsic geographic barriers which, of course, are something entirely different (Mayr 1942e). According to Dobzhansky species may be conceived “statically” and “dynamically.” Statically, “a species is a group of individuals fully fertile inter se, but barred from interbreeding with other similar groups by its physiological properties (producing either incompatibility of parents, or sterility of hybrids, or both)” or, in other words, “discrete non-interbreeding groups of organisms” (1935: 353). His “dynamic conception” of species was less satisfactory, because species are populations, not stages in a process: “Dynamically, the species represents that stage of evolutionary divergence, at which the once actually or potentially interbreeding array of forms becomes segregated into two or more separate arrays which are physiologically incapable of interbreeding” (1935: 354). Dobzhansky’s endorsement of the BSC undoubtedly contributed to its increasing popularity. Neither Dobzhansky nor any earlier Russian scientist were the originators of the BSC, as Krementsov (1994) wrongly implied. He traced the roots of Dobzhansky’s ideas backward to several Russian entomologists. While this is probably correct, Krementsov (l. c.) conveyed the impression that these were the first to develop the BSC. Some of his remarks read as follows: “The idea of biological species attracted little attention in the west and was not much discussed” (p. 36), “Western entomologists were generally less interested in discussing these ideas
A Modern Unified Theory of Evolution 231 Fig.5.7. Interpretations of species in biology under the notions of essentialism (below)and evolutionism (above), from Haffer 2006. The names of selected authors are indicated at their respective time levels. Solid squares refer to publications on animals in general, half-filled squares to those on plants, solid circles to insects, circled stars to mollusks and open circles to birds.
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Preface Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), emi
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Contents Introduction 1 Part I The
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Contents IX 2 Bibliography of Ernst
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2 Introduction and speciation, the
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4 Introduction (1928-1929) to repla
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Ernst Mayr has been an observer all
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The Family 9 court system. He had a
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The Family 11 Fig.1.1. Family genea
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The Family 13 where they learned La
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Birdwatching 15 even finishing befo
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Birdwatching 17 Fig.1.5. ErnstMayr
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Birdwatching 19 Fig.1.6. Ernst Mayr
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Birdwatching 21 he simply smoked ci
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University Student in Greifswald an
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Friendships at School and Universit
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2 The Budding Scientist PhD Thesis
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TheInfluenceofTeachers 37 excellent
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Assistant Curator at the Museum of
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Expeditions to New Guinea and the S
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Part II Ornithologist and Evolution
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96 3 The New York Years (1931-1953)
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4 Ornithologist and Zoogeographer B
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142 4 Ornithologist and Zoogeograph
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Page 192 and 193: 184 5 Biological Species and Specia
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Page 262 and 263: Part III Professor of Zoology at Ha
Page 264 and 265: 256 7 The Harvard Years (1953-2005)
Page 274 and 275: 8 Evolutionary Biology— Mayr’s
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280 8 Evolutionary Biology—Mayr
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282 8 Evolutionary Biology—Mayr
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284 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man his coll
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286 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man addresse
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288 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man undertak
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290 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man unaware
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292 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man His hand
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294 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Prize (1
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296 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the inte
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298 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man I have s
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300 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.4.
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302 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man not mali
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304 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man papers d
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306 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man 2005. Me
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308 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.5b
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310 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man health i
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312 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man person a
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314 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man with a r
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316 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man conceptu
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318 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the two
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10 Systematics and Classification T
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322 10 Systematics and Classificati
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11 History and Philosophy of Biolog
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340 11 History and Philosophy of Bi
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376 12 Summary: Appreciation of Ern
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Acknowledgments Iamdeeplygratefulto
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List of Abbreviations AAAS American
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386 References Beehler BM, Pratt TK
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388 References Cracraft J (2002) Go
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390 References Haffer J (1997a) Ess
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392 References Keast JA (1996) Avia
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394 References Olson SL (1975) The
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396 References Smith JJ (1936) Eric
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398 References Wiglesworth LW (1898
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Appendix 1 Curriculum Vitae (includ
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Appendix 1 403 1978 Prêmio Jabuti,
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Appendix 1 405 Society Offices Linn
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Appendix 2 407 1926c Das Freibrüte
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Appendix 2 409 1932 1932a Birds col
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Appendix 2 411 1936g Melidectes bel
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Appendix 2 413 1941e Birds collecte
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Appendix 2 415 1944f Chromosomes an
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Appendix 2 417 1947g On the correct
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Appendix 2 419 1952e Six new subspe
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Appendix 2 421 1954g The tail molt
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Appendix 2 423 1958c Concluding rem
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Appendix 2 425 in E. Mayr, Evolutio
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Appendix 2 427 1964l Introduction [
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Appendix 2 429 1967d Subfamily Pach
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Appendix 2 431 in Acta Soc. Zool. B
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Appendix 2 433 1974b The diversity
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Appendix 2 435 1976m Evolution and
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Appendix 2 437 Mankind 13:430; P.W.
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Appendix 2 439 (1984) in Queen’s
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Appendix 2 441 1984c Evolution and
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Appendix 2 443 1987b The status of
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Appendix 2 445 1990 1990a The Myth
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Appendix 2 447 1992f Haldane’s Ca
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Appendix 2 449 1995g The search for
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Appendix 2 451 1999 1999a Thoughts
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List of Books by Ernst Mayr 453 200
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Coauthorship 455 Coauthorship In th
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Appendix 3 457 (4) Systematics 1942
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Index Achievements 379 Adaptation 2
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Index 461 Faunas 164-165 Family 8-1
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Index 463 Realism and education 372
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