The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism [1911] - Get a Free Blog

SYRIA. 123
Ever since the Captivity, constant spiritual relations
had existed between Judaism and the great religious
metropolis. At the birth of Christianity they mani
fested themselves in the rise of gnostic sects in which
the Semitic mythology formed strange combinations
with Jewish and Greek ideas and furnished the foun
dation for extravagant superstructures." Finally, dur
ing the decline of the empire, it was Babylon again
from which emanated Manicheism, the last form of
idolatry received in the Latin world. We can imagine
how powerful the religious influence of that country
on the Syrian paganism must have been.
That influence manifested itself in various ways.
First, it introduced new gods. In this way Bel passed
from the Babylonian pantheon into that of Palmyra \
and was honored throughout northern Syria.S4 It also
caused ancient divinities to be arranged in new groups.
To the primitive couple of the Baal and the Baalat a
third member was added in order to form one of those
triads dears to Chaldean theology. This took place at
Hierapolis as well as at Heliopolis, and the three gods
of the latter city, Hadad, Atargatis and Simios, became
Jupiter, Venus and Mercury in Latin inscriptions^
Finally, and most important, astrolatry wrought rad
ical changes in the characters of the celestial powers, v
and, as a further consequence, in the entire Roman
paganism. In the first place it gave them a second
personality in addition to their own nature. The side
real myths superimposed themselves upon the agrarian
myths, and gradually obliterated them. Astrology,
born on the banks of the Euphrates, imposed itself in
Egypt upon the haughty and unapproachable clergy
of the most conservative of all nations.* 6
Syria re-