Marine protected areas for whales, dolphins, and porpoises: a world ...

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Habitat Protection for Cetaceans around the World 139 The proposed Regno di Nettuno MPA offers frequent sightings of various whales and dolphins including the increasingly rare short-beaked common dolphin. However, the currently proposed MPA does not cover the dolphins’ main critical habitat areas as defined by researchers. See Case Study 4. Figure 5.6 Map of Regno di Nettuno
140 Marine Protected Areas for Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises From 1993 to 1999, StudioMare used the research vessel Barbarian, a 48-foot (15-m) schooner equipped as a ketch, which has been transformed into a floating laboratory devoted to cetacean research. Above Cuma canyon, studying acoustic and surface behaviour of mixed groups of common and striped dolphins, StudioMare has observed how dolphins utilize coastal habitat close to shore especially in July and August (Mussi et al, 1999). Ischia is on the outskirts of the Gulf of Naples, a busy area particularly in summer. In 2000, StudioMare reported a Risso’s dolphin school harassed by pleasure boaters, hinting at potential problems from casual, unlicensed whale watching. The group also recorded collisions and deaths from boat strikes for fin whales and striped dolphins. StudioMare’s biologists have observed feeding and mating behaviour in all the dolphin species in the proposed protected area. Newborn dolphin calves of various species were sighted from June to September. The animals were monitored to determine variations in their behaviour during the day, with underwater and surface video synchronized to acoustic recordings. The area of the Cuma submarine canyon is also used as a feeding ground by fin whales. The feeding whales engage in circle swimming with flukes showing above the surface. When they dive, fin whales often create bubble clouds. Most of the time the whales spend at the surface is at sunset, which is probably associated with the vertical migrations of Euphausiid prey at night. On these occasions the whales often emerge, mouth open, employing vertical lunges. Whales are sometimes sighted close to the Ischia coast – 3.5 miles (5.6 km) the closest. After their initial research, StudioMare decided to work to protect the area and to focus attention on the role played by submarine canyons in distribution and abundance of trophic resources for cetaceans. Submarine canyons are clearly an important cetacean habitat where a particular pelagic assemblage can be found. Currently the most urgent aspect of the research and conservation work surrounds the short-beaked common dolphin. Literature, data and osteological collections indicate that these dolphins were a common resident species of the Mediterranean Sea. The species, however, has faced a dramatic decline in numbers in recent decades, and has almost completely disappeared from large portions of its former range (Bearzi et al, 2003). Key known areas of common dolphin distribution include the Alborán Sea, the eastern Ionian Sea and the northern Aegean Sea. The Cuma submarine canyon is the only Italian area studied where common dolphins are seasonally resident (Mussi et al, 1999). Mediterranean short-beaked common dolphins and their critical habitats are probably threatened by the combined effect of high contamination levels, intentional and incidental takes, overfishing and decreasing food resources, high noise levels and overall habitat degradation. Industrial activities in or near the Cuma submarine canyon include shipping traffic, sports and pleasure boats, as well as possible use by NATO ships and submarines. Based on available data, the species appears to be facing a high risk of extinction in
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MARINE PROTECTED AREAS FOR WHALES,
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MARINE PROTECTED AREAS FOR WHALES,
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CONTENTS List of Figures vii List o
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LIST OF FIGURES I.1 The exclusive e
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List of Tables ix 5.16 Indonesian l
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First I must thank
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Acknowledgements xiii Charitable Tr
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
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PROLOGUE The publication of this ha
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Prologue xix stakeholders - local c
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INTRODUCTION There are three main d
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Introduction 3 or non-geographicall
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Introduction 5 and dolphins. At tha
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Introduction 7 This world map shows
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BOX I.3 THE PRECAUTIONARY APPROACH
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Introduction 11 do an important job
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Introduction 13 and Birkun, 2002; R
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Ocean Sanctuaries, Marine Reserves
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Table 1.6 International and regiona
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CITES - Convention on • Formulate
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2 WHY SPOTLIGHT WHALES, DOLPHINS AN
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Why Spotlight Whales, Dolphins and
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Table 2.3 Baleen whales. World dist
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Table 2.4 Toothed whales: sperm and
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Table 2.6 Toothed whales: ocean dol
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Table 2.7 Toothed whales: porpoises
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Why Spotlight Whales, Dolphins and
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Creating Better Marine Protected Ar
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B Scientific importance Does the pr
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4 STRATEGIES FOR PROTECTING CETACEA
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Strategies for Protecting Cetaceans
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5 HABITAT PROTECTION FOR CETACEANS
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Habitat Protection for Cetaceans ar
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Epilogue 449 Table E.1 Total sanctu
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Epilogue 451 4 That the long arm of
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REFERENCES Agardy, T (1997) Marine
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References 455 Bearzi, G (1995) The
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References 457 11th Biennial Confer
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References 459 Vol II, The Great Ba
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References 461 Forcada, J (1995) Ab
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References 463 Hoyt, E (1978) Frien
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References 465 CH Peterson, RS Sten
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References 467 Lauriano, G (1997b)
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References 469 Mercier, F and C Mon
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References 471 Notarbartolo di Scia
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References 473 Prideaux, M (2003a)
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References 475 Sanino, GP and JL Y
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References 477 Tregenza, NJC, SD Be
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Abaco National Park 220-1 Abrolhos
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Calayan Island Protected Area 336-7
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European Union Habitats and Species
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315-6, 342, 359-60, 381, 398, 400,
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Monte Bellos/Barrow Island Marine R
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Queensland 430-3 Race Rocks Candida
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Tierra del Fuego National Park and
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Blainville’s Beaked Whale Mesoplo
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Resident Atlantic spotted dolphins,
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Some 230 northern bottlenose whales
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