Marine protected areas for whales, dolphins, and porpoises: a world ...

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Habitat Protection for Cetaceans around the World 357 Notes and rationale For more information • Existing community-based conservation area which is part of the • Contact: South Pacific regional GEF Conservation Area programme. Regional Environment • Cetacean surveys are needed to determine species and habitat Programme (SPREP); use of area. email: sprep@sprep.org.ws; web: www.sprep.org.ws • Fisheries Bill 2003 has protection measures for marine mammals • WWF, 2003 and declares Vanuatu’s national waters a sanctuary for all cetaceans. • Protection dates from 1982 when the Vanuatu Fisheries Act prohibited the killing of marine mammals.
358 Marine Protected Areas for Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises MARINE REGION 15: NORTHEAST PACIFIC Cetacean habitat in the Northeast Pacific Marine Region ranges from desert coastal lagoons in México to glacial fjords in Alaska. This region contains both summer and winter habitat for a number of baleen whales, including substantial portions of the world populations of blue and gray whales. The population of blues in the region, found mainly off central California, is the world’s largest and healthiest. Other cetacean species with portions of their habitat in the region include fin, Bryde’s, minke, North Pacific right and sperm whales, as well as Pacific white-sided dolphins, Dall’s and harbor porpoises. Since the early 1970s, the region has been the world centre for orca research. At least two of the known populations of orcas in US waters have very low, declining numbers and have been proposed for endangered species status. The region’s humpback whales have also supported long-term research since the 1970s. This work has recently intensified with a cooperative international research effort called ‘SPLASH’ (Structure of Populations, Levels of Abundance and Status of Humpbacks, 2004–2007) to try to understand humpback whales in the North Pacific (applies to Marine Regions 14, 15 and 16). One cetacean species endemic to the area is nearing extinction: the Gulf of California porpoise or vaquita. The Mexican government has created an MPA in the northern Gulf of California to try to save it, but it may well be too late. In 1972, the Mexican government created the world’s first ever cetacean MPA at Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Scammon’s Lagoon), the most important lagoon for mating and calving gray whales. Today this area, along with San Ignacio Lagoon, remains the core of El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve which includes gray whale coastal habitat and several lagoons. These efforts by the Mexican government, together with international agreements through the IWC to refrain from killing gray whales, have helped the species rebound from close to extinction. Other notable MPAs in the region are the National Marine Sanctuaries of Monterey Bay, Cordell Bank, Gulf of the Farallones and Channel Islands, which include substantial blue, humpback and other large whale feeding areas as well as year-round habitat for various dolphins. These California sanctuaries provide a good example of the beginnings of an MPA network that could protect cetacean species over much of their range, or at least in the key critical habitats. In Canada, the Robson Bight/Michael Bigg Ecological Reserve is a small reserve in Johnstone Strait for the resting and rubbing areas of resident orcas from the ‘northern community’. There are proposals for expanded areas to protect orca and other cetacean habitat in British Columbia and Washington State waters. The Northeast Pacific Marine Region features the US west coast and Alaska, western Canada and west coast México to the border of Guatemala. Sometimes referred to as ‘Bering to Baja’, the Northeast Pacific Marine Region has four large marine ecosystems (LMEs) that have been identified: the East Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, California Current and Gulf of California. Thus, it has portions of North Pacific subpolar, temperate, subtropical and tropical
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MARINE PROTECTED AREAS FOR WHALES,
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MARINE PROTECTED AREAS FOR WHALES,
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CONTENTS List of Figures vii List o
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LIST OF FIGURES I.1 The exclusive e
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List of Tables ix 5.16 Indonesian l
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First I must thank
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Acknowledgements xiii Charitable Tr
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
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PROLOGUE The publication of this ha
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Prologue xix stakeholders - local c
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INTRODUCTION There are three main d
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Introduction 3 or non-geographicall
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Introduction 5 and dolphins. At tha
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Introduction 7 This world map shows
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BOX I.3 THE PRECAUTIONARY APPROACH
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Introduction 11 do an important job
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Introduction 13 and Birkun, 2002; R
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Ocean Sanctuaries, Marine Reserves
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Table 1.6 International and regiona
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CITES - Convention on • Formulate
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2 WHY SPOTLIGHT WHALES, DOLPHINS AN
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Why Spotlight Whales, Dolphins and
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Table 2.3 Baleen whales. World dist
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Table 2.4 Toothed whales: sperm and
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Table 2.6 Toothed whales: ocean dol
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Table 2.7 Toothed whales: porpoises
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Why Spotlight Whales, Dolphins and
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Creating Better Marine Protected Ar
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B Scientific importance Does the pr
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4 STRATEGIES FOR PROTECTING CETACEA
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Strategies for Protecting Cetaceans
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5 HABITAT PROTECTION FOR CETACEANS
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Habitat Protection for Cetaceans ar
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Case Study 1: Ross Sea - time for n
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Case Study 4: Regno di Nettuno MPA
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• to promote intensive field rese
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Epilogue 449 Table E.1 Total sanctu
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Epilogue 451 4 That the long arm of
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REFERENCES Agardy, T (1997) Marine
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References 455 Bearzi, G (1995) The
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References 457 11th Biennial Confer
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References 459 Vol II, The Great Ba
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References 461 Forcada, J (1995) Ab
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References 463 Hoyt, E (1978) Frien
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References 465 CH Peterson, RS Sten
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References 467 Lauriano, G (1997b)
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References 469 Mercier, F and C Mon
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References 471 Notarbartolo di Scia
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References 473 Prideaux, M (2003a)
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References 475 Sanino, GP and JL Y
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References 477 Tregenza, NJC, SD Be
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Abaco National Park 220-1 Abrolhos
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Calayan Island Protected Area 336-7
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European Union Habitats and Species
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315-6, 342, 359-60, 381, 398, 400,
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Monte Bellos/Barrow Island Marine R
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Queensland 430-3 Race Rocks Candida
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Tierra del Fuego National Park and
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Blainville’s Beaked Whale Mesoplo
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Resident Atlantic spotted dolphins,
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Some 230 northern bottlenose whales
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