Marine protected areas for whales, dolphins, and porpoises: a world ...

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Ocean Sanctuaries, Marine Reserves or Parks? 33 although both areas have fallen short of providing IUCN Category I critical habitat protection. Finally, in the European Community, the Natura 2000 Habitats and Species Directive is designed to provide a European network of MPAs for various habitats and species called special areas of conservation (SACs). To date, bottlenose dolphins are the main cetaceans included, so the idea of a real MPA network remains elusive for all other European cetacean species. Also, there are no IUCN Category I critical habitat designations. It remains to be seen whether the dolphin (and a few porpoise) SACs, many of which are in effect IUCN Category VI multiple-use management areas, will be sufficient to protect cetacean habitat in this region. Still, this big-picture, unified approach is an encouraging start. It is hoped that in these initial attempts to create MPA networks, there are the seeds for much more effective marine habitat conservation for the benefit of cetaceans and all marine species and ecosystems. (For more discussion on ecosystem-based management and MPA networks, see pp71–74.) HIGH-SEAS MPAS A final, important category to consider is that of MPAs on the high seas. These are not the ocean-wide sanctuaries related mainly to stopping whaling. Even so, the IWC whale sanctuaries provide a useful precedent of nations working together to agree upon conservation on the high seas. And of course, it would be technically possible for future IWC agreements to embrace, or even themselves create, highly protected high-seas MPAs, though current divisions in the IWC make this unlikely in the near future. In any case, among MPA practitioners, there is a growing movement to create real MPAs at sea that could be biosphere reserves with critical habitat core areas created as part of an MPA network. The main reason why few MPAs have been proposed on the high seas is because the high seas are located outside the 200 nm (371 km) EEZ limits of the countries of the world where no single state or authority has the power to designate MPAs, adopt management schemes or enforce any sort of compliance (see Figure I.1 on p7). Yet of the 84 species of cetaceans, some 31 species probably spend most of their lives on the high seas – including breeding, calving, nursing, feeding and migration. About 35 others have essential critical habitat in both high seas and national waters. Thus 79 per cent of all cetacean species have a strong high seas presence (see Table 1.5). In order to protect the critical habitat of cetaceans, and to follow the dictates of such international agreements as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) and its regional agreements, we must take steps to create MPAs in international waters. In 1989, Maxine McCloskey presented a pioneer paper at the Thirteenth Northwest Wilderness Conference in Seattle, Washington, on the need to protect marine wilderness on the high seas. She updated and expanded this paper for the 1992 IV World Parks Congress in Caracas, Venezuela (McCloskey,
34 Marine Protected Areas for Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises Table 1.5 Cetacean species and the location of their critical habitat Cetacean species Habitat inside 200 nm Habitat on the high seas (371 km) national waters 1 North Atlantic right whale, Breeding, calving, nursing, Some migration and other activity Eubalaena glacialis feeding, migration 2 North Pacific right whale, Breeding, calving, nursing, Some migration and other activity Eubalaena japonica feeding, migration 3 southern right whale, Breeding, calving, nursing, Some migration and other activity Eubalaena australis feeding, migration 4 bowhead whale, Breeding, calving, nursing, Some activity Balaena mysticetus feeding, migration 5 pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata Little known: some activity Little known: some activity 6 gray whale, Eschrictius robustus Breeding, calving, nursing, feeding, migration Some activity 7 humpback whale, Breeding, calving, nursing, Migration and some other activity Megaptera novaeangliae feeding, migration 8 minke whale, Breeding, calving, nursing, Breeding, calving, nursing, Balaenoptera acutorostrata feeding, migration feeding, migration 9 Antarctic minke whale, Breeding, calving, nursing, Breeding, calving, nursing, Balaenoptera bonaerensis feeding, migration feeding, migration 10 Bryde’s whale, Breeding, calving, nursing, Breeding, calving, nursing, Balaenoptera brydei feeding, migration feeding, migration 11 pygmy Bryde’s whale, Breeding, calving, nursing, Breeding, calving, nursing, Balaenoptera edeni feeding, migration feeding, migration 12 sei whale, Mainly feeding; otherwise Breeding, calving, nursing, Balaenoptera borealis unknown feeding, migration 13 fin whale, Mainly feeding; otherwise Breeding, calving, nursing, Balaenoptera physalus unknown feeding, migration 14 blue whale, Mainly feeding; otherwise Breeding, calving, nursing, Balaenoptera musculus unknown feeding, migration 15 sperm whale, Some breeding, calving, Breeding, calving, nursing, feeding Physeter macrocephalus nursing, feeding 16 pygmy sperm whale, Some breeding, calving, Breeding, calving, nursing, feeding Kogia breviceps nursing, feeding 17 dwarf sperm whale, Some breeding, calving, Breeding, calving, nursing, feeding Kogia sima nursing, feeding 18 Cuvier’s beaked whale, Some breeding, calving, Breeding, calving, nursing, feeding Ziphius cavirostris nursing, feeding 19 Arnoux’s beaked whale, Probably some activity Little known; most breeding, Berardius arnuxii calving, nursing, feeding 20 Baird’s beaked whale, Some activity Little known; most breeding, Berardius bairdii calving, nursing, feeding 21 Shepherd’s beaked whale, Probably some activity Little known; probably most Tasmacetus shepherdi breeding, calving, nursing, feeding 22 Indo-Pacific beaked whale, Probably some activity Little known; probably most Indopacetus pacificus breeding, calving, nursing, feeding
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MARINE PROTECTED AREAS FOR WHALES,
Page 4 and 5: MARINE PROTECTED AREAS FOR WHALES,
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS List of Figures vii List o
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF FIGURES I.1 The exclusive e
Page 10 and 11: List of Tables ix 5.16 Indonesian l
Page 12 and 13: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First I must thank
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgements xiii Charitable Tr
Page 16 and 17: List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Page 18 and 19: PROLOGUE The publication of this ha
Page 20 and 21: Prologue xix stakeholders - local c
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTION There are three main d
Page 24 and 25: Introduction 3 or non-geographicall
Page 26 and 27: Introduction 5 and dolphins. At tha
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 7 This world map shows
Page 30 and 31: BOX I.3 THE PRECAUTIONARY APPROACH
Page 32 and 33: Introduction 11 do an important job
Page 34 and 35: Introduction 13 and Birkun, 2002; R
Page 36 and 37: Ocean Sanctuaries, Marine Reserves
Page 64 and 65: Table 1.6 International and regiona
Page 66 and 67: CITES - Convention on • Formulate
Page 76 and 77: 2 WHY SPOTLIGHT WHALES, DOLPHINS AN
Page 78 and 79: Why Spotlight Whales, Dolphins and
Page 80 and 81: Table 2.3 Baleen whales. World dist
Page 82 and 83: Table 2.4 Toothed whales: sperm and
Page 84 and 85: Table 2.6 Toothed whales: ocean dol
Page 86 and 87: Table 2.7 Toothed whales: porpoises
Page 88 and 89: Why Spotlight Whales, Dolphins and
Page 90 and 91: Creating Better Marine Protected Ar
Page 100 and 101: B Scientific importance Does the pr
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4 STRATEGIES FOR PROTECTING CETACEA
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Strategies for Protecting Cetaceans
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5 HABITAT PROTECTION FOR CETACEANS
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Habitat Protection for Cetaceans ar
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Case Study 1: Ross Sea - time for n
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Case Study 4: Regno di Nettuno MPA
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• to promote intensive field rese
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Epilogue 449 Table E.1 Total sanctu
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Epilogue 451 4 That the long arm of
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REFERENCES Agardy, T (1997) Marine
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References 455 Bearzi, G (1995) The
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References 457 11th Biennial Confer
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References 459 Vol II, The Great Ba
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References 461 Forcada, J (1995) Ab
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References 463 Hoyt, E (1978) Frien
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References 465 CH Peterson, RS Sten
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References 467 Lauriano, G (1997b)
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References 469 Mercier, F and C Mon
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References 471 Notarbartolo di Scia
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References 473 Prideaux, M (2003a)
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References 475 Sanino, GP and JL Y
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References 477 Tregenza, NJC, SD Be
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Abaco National Park 220-1 Abrolhos
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Calayan Island Protected Area 336-7
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European Union Habitats and Species
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315-6, 342, 359-60, 381, 398, 400,
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Monte Bellos/Barrow Island Marine R
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Queensland 430-3 Race Rocks Candida
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Tierra del Fuego National Park and
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Blainville’s Beaked Whale Mesoplo
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Resident Atlantic spotted dolphins,
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Some 230 northern bottlenose whales
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