Marine protected areas for whales, dolphins, and porpoises: a world ...

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Ocean Sanctuaries, Marine Reserves or Parks? 27 Note: This map shows the various zones of a hypothetical marine- and land-based biosphere reserve area. Core areas (IUCN Category I) are devoted to strict nature reserve protection; these are surrounded by buffer zones (Categories II–V) where activities compatible with the conservation objectives occur, and the buffer zones are in turn surrounded by a more or less defined transition zone (Category VI) which integrates the local people with sustainable resources management into the fabric of the overall reserve. To be effective, biosphere reserves must have zoned areas that are declared and enforced through legislation with management plans, formulated by the community, including all stakeholders. Figure 1.1 The architecture of a biosphere reserve
28 Marine Protected Areas for Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises are in turn surrounded by a more or less defined transition zone where there exists cooperation with local people and sustainable resources management is practised. The geographical arrangement of the core area and the zones is adaptable. In marine areas, there might even be flexible, movable zones according to seasonal or annual changes in local conditions. Upwellings and other good fishing spots for cetaceans and humans sometimes change from year to year or even within a season. Biosphere reserves are enshrined in international convention by the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), part of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco). The first MAB report on Criteria and Guidelines for the Choice and Establishment of Biosphere Reserves appeared in 1974 (Unesco, 1974). Since the first biosphere reserves were named in 1976, hundreds of proposed and existing protected areas around the world have applied for and received the prestigious distinction of being able to use the ‘biosphere reserve’ name. And some protected areas that use other names, in fact, function as true biosphere reserves, demonstrating the value of the concept. It is also recognized that in a few countries, biosphere reserves are not well regarded by conservationists mainly because they fail to fulfil the protection mandate. The high profile ‘biosphere reserve’ designation may not always be the best protection available in a given situation for cetaceans or other species, or for ecosystems. A biosphere reserve that is just a theoretical concept and has no legislated protection is as useless as a paper reserve. Yet the biosphere reserve stands as a rugged model that has survived and been enhanced by considerable debate over the years. There are comparatively few marine biosphere reserves in name, and even fewer with cetaceans, but in the marine sector too, the biosphere reserve model can provide a valuable guiding concept. DEFINING CRITICAL HABITAT The most difficult scientific aspect of creating good biosphere reserves that feature or include cetaceans is defining and identifying the core areas. Core areas are equivalent to IUCN Category I, which is divided into Ia, strict nature reserves, and Ib, wilderness areas. For many species, including cetaceans, the key role of such highly protected core areas will be to preserve critical habitat while allowing for essential non-invasive scientific research and environmental monitoring. What is critical habitat for cetaceans? The basic definition is a place or area regularly used by a cetacean group, population or species to perform tasks essential for survival and maintaining a healthy population growth rate. The most crucial areas are those where feeding, breeding and calving take place. But we must also look at the various important associated activities that precede or follow these and may require additional activity areas or habitats, or extensions of these areas. Thus, critical habitat must include areas not only for feeding, but also for hunting; not only for the act of breeding, but also for socializing and
Page 2 and 3: MARINE PROTECTED AREAS FOR WHALES,
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Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS List of Figures vii List o
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF FIGURES I.1 The exclusive e
Page 10 and 11: List of Tables ix 5.16 Indonesian l
Page 12 and 13: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First I must thank
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgements xiii Charitable Tr
Page 16 and 17: List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Page 18 and 19: PROLOGUE The publication of this ha
Page 20 and 21: Prologue xix stakeholders - local c
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTION There are three main d
Page 24 and 25: Introduction 3 or non-geographicall
Page 26 and 27: Introduction 5 and dolphins. At tha
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 7 This world map shows
Page 30 and 31: BOX I.3 THE PRECAUTIONARY APPROACH
Page 32 and 33: Introduction 11 do an important job
Page 34 and 35: Introduction 13 and Birkun, 2002; R
Page 36 and 37: Ocean Sanctuaries, Marine Reserves
Page 64 and 65: Table 1.6 International and regiona
Page 66 and 67: CITES - Convention on • Formulate
Page 76 and 77: 2 WHY SPOTLIGHT WHALES, DOLPHINS AN
Page 78 and 79: Why Spotlight Whales, Dolphins and
Page 80 and 81: Table 2.3 Baleen whales. World dist
Page 82 and 83: Table 2.4 Toothed whales: sperm and
Page 84 and 85: Table 2.6 Toothed whales: ocean dol
Page 86 and 87: Table 2.7 Toothed whales: porpoises
Page 88 and 89: Why Spotlight Whales, Dolphins and
Page 90 and 91: Creating Better Marine Protected Ar
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Creating Better Marine Protected Ar
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B Scientific importance Does the pr
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Creating Better Marine Protected Ar
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4 STRATEGIES FOR PROTECTING CETACEA
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Strategies for Protecting Cetaceans
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5 HABITAT PROTECTION FOR CETACEANS
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Habitat Protection for Cetaceans ar
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Case Study 1: Ross Sea - time for n
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Case Study 4: Regno di Nettuno MPA
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• to promote intensive field rese
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Epilogue 449 Table E.1 Total sanctu
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Epilogue 451 4 That the long arm of
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REFERENCES Agardy, T (1997) Marine
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References 455 Bearzi, G (1995) The
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References 457 11th Biennial Confer
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References 459 Vol II, The Great Ba
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References 461 Forcada, J (1995) Ab
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References 463 Hoyt, E (1978) Frien
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References 465 CH Peterson, RS Sten
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References 467 Lauriano, G (1997b)
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References 469 Mercier, F and C Mon
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References 471 Notarbartolo di Scia
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References 473 Prideaux, M (2003a)
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References 475 Sanino, GP and JL Y
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References 477 Tregenza, NJC, SD Be
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Abaco National Park 220-1 Abrolhos
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Calayan Island Protected Area 336-7
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European Union Habitats and Species
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315-6, 342, 359-60, 381, 398, 400,
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Monte Bellos/Barrow Island Marine R
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Queensland 430-3 Race Rocks Candida
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Tierra del Fuego National Park and
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Blainville’s Beaked Whale Mesoplo
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Resident Atlantic spotted dolphins,
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Some 230 northern bottlenose whales
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