Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop

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plasma levels during perfusion with sodium nitroprusside. Annales de l’Anesthesiologie Francaise 17, 519-528. (183) Abbaspour, A., Kamyabi, M. A., Esmaeilbeig, A. R. and Kia, R. (2002) Thiocyanate-selective electrode based on unsymmetrical benzoN4 nickel(II) macrocyclic complexes. Talanta 57, 859-867. (184) Barber, C. V. and Pratt, V. R. (1997) Sullied seas. Strategies for combating cyanide fi shing in Southeast Asia and beyond, p 64, World Resources Institute, International Marinelife Alliance. (185) Lindsay, A. E. and O’Hare, D. (2006) The development of an electrochemical sensor for the determination of cyanide in physiological solutions. Analytica Chimica Acta 558, 158-163. (186) Mazloum Ardakani, M., Ensafi , A. A., Niasari, M. S. and Chahooki, S. M. (2002) Selective thiocyanate poly(vinyl chloride) membrane based on a 1,8-dibenzyl-1,3,6,8,10,13hexaazacyclotetradecane-Ni(II) perchlorate. Analytica Chimica Acta 462, 25-30. (187) Amini, M. K., Shahrokhian, S. and Tangestaninejad, S. (1999) Thiocyanateselective electrodes based on nickel and iron phthalocyanines. Analytica Chimica Acta 402, 137-143. (188) Hassan, S. S. M., Mohmoud, W. H., Hamad Elgazwy, A.-S. S. and Badawy, N. M. (2006) A novel potentiometric membrane sensor based on aryl palladium complex for selective determination of thiocyanate in the saliva and urine of cigarette smokers. Electroanalysis 18, 2070-2078. (189) Hu, W., Tao, H., Tominaga, M., Miyazaki, A. and Haraguchi, H. (1994) A new approach for the simultaneous determination of inorganic cations and anions using ion chromatography. Analytica Chimica Acta 299, 249-256. (190) Zein, R., Munaf, E., Takeuchi, T. and Miwa, T. (1996) Microcolumn ion chromatography of inorganic UV-absorbing anions using bovine serum albumin as stationary phases. Analytica Chimica Acta 335, 261-266. (191) Cookeas, E. G. and Efstathiou, C. E. (1994) Flow injection amperometric determination of thiocyanate and selenocyanate at a cobalt phthalocyanine modifi ed carbon paste electrode. Analyst (Cambridge, United Kingdom) 119, 1607-1612. (192) Fouillet, B., Odoul, M., Chambon, R. and Chambon, P. (1992) Specifi c determination 94 of cyanide in water by GC/ECD as cyanogen chloride. Journal Francais d’Hydrologie 23, 161-169. (193) Houeto, P., Hoffman, J. R., Imbert, M., Levillain, P. and Baud, F. J. (1995) Relation of blood cyanide to plasma cyanocobalamin concentration after a fi xed dose of hydroxocobalamin in cyanide poisoning. Lancet 346, 605-608. (194) Vesey, C. J., Cole, P. V. and Simpson, P. J. (1976) Cyanide and thiocyanate concentrations following sodium nitroprusside infusion in man. British journal of anaesthesia 48, 651-660. (195) Ansell, M. and Lewis, F. A. S. (1970) Review of cyanide concentrations found in human organs. Survey of literature concerning cyanide metabolism, “normal”, nonfatal, and fatal body cyanide levels. Journal of Forensic Medicine 17, 148-155. (196) Curry, A. S. (1976) American Lecture Series, No. 988: American Lectures in Living Chemistry: Poison Detection in Human Organs. 3rd Ed. (197) Bright, J. E., Inns, R. H., Tuckwell, N. J. and Marrs, T. C. (1990) The effect of storage upon cyanide in blood samples. Human & Experimental Toxicology 9, 125-129. (198) Chikasue, F., Yashiki, M., Kojima, T., Miyazaki, T., Okamoto, I., Ohtani, M. and Kodama, K. (1988) Cyanide distribution in fi ve fatal cyanide poisonings and the effect of storage conditions on cyanide concentration in tissue. Forensic science international 38, 173-183. (199) Vesey, C. J. and Langford, R. M. (1998) Stabilization of blood cyanide. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 22, 176-178. (200) Goenechea, S. (1982) Hydrogen cyanide: losses in samples of stored blood. Zeitschrift fuer Rechtsmedizin 88, 97-101. (201) Gao, D., Gu, J., Yu, R.-Q. and Zheng, G.-D. (1995) Substituted metalloporphyrin derivatives as anion carrier for PVC membrane electrodes. Analytica Chimica Acta 302, 263-268. (202) Daunert, S., Wallace, S., Florido, A. and Bachas, L. G. (1991) Anion-selective electrodes based on electropolymerized porphyrin fi lms. Analytical Chemistry 63, 1676-1679.
Purpose of this Document The purpose of this document is to provide an overview of cyanide detection testing as it applies to the capture of live reef fi sh. We have provided an introduction to the live fi sh aquarium and food trades, as well as the techniques that utilize cyanide solutions to capture fi sh. We have provided a summary of cyanide detection systems currently used to determine whether commercial fi sh were caught with cyanide. Finally, this document includes a summary of cyanide detection methods used in medical and environmental testing. As part of this last element, we have identifi ed scientists and other technical experts that are most knowledgeable and experienced in cyanide detection methods. We hope this document provides suffi cient background information for those parties interested in applying existing methods of cyanide detection to the development of a detection system that can be used in marine fish. To help achieve this goal, we have presented a summary of the criteria necessary for development and implementation of an effective cyanide detection test. Introduction The sale of live fi sh from the ocean is a valuable international trade. The trade includes aquarium fi sh that are sold through the hobby market, as well as fi sh sold live to restaurants for human consumption (also called the live reef food fi sh trade, or LRFFT). According to an American Marinelife Dealers Association survey, in 1995, about 10 million individual marine specimens were sold in pet Background Paper on Cyanide Detection Tests for Live Fish Patricia Debenham SeaWeb 95 stores throughout the United States for a total value of $103.2 million (Marine Aquarium Council). The United States imports nearly half of the marine aquarium organisms sold throughout the world. Other major importers are Germany, France, Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Japan. Hong Kong is the largest consumer of live reef food fi sh and accounts for 60% of the world trade (Mak, Yanase et al., 2005 citing Johannes and Riepen 1995). Live marine organisms are harvested from the coral reefs of Southeast Asia, the Pacifi c Islands, South Asia, Indian Ocean, Australia, Hawaii, Mexico, Florida, the Caribbean, Brazil, East Africa, and the Red Sea. The two dominant countries that supply the ornamental fi sh trade are Indonesia and the Philippines, accounting for more than half of the global marine ornamental fi sh trade (Marine Aquarium Council). In an effort to ensure that this industry has a long, healthy future, many governments, nonprofi t organizations, and industry members are committed to measures that protect the environment that produces the fi sh. One organization engaged in such initiatives is the Marine Aquarium Council (MAC), whose mission is to “conserve coral reefs and other marine ecosystems by creating standards and certifi cation for those engaged in the collection and care of ornamental marine life from reef to aquarium.” A variety of other organizations focus on issues related to the capture of live fi sh sold to restaurants.
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Proceedings of the International Cy
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Proceedings of the Cyanide Detectio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Proceedings of
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PREFACE The International Cyanide D
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The International
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ATCA) in homogenized fi sh tissue m
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Validation of the ISE method applie
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Importing countries should also req
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INTRODUCTION Cyanide fi shing is a
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through the implementation of a net
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Working Group 2 The Export Working
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o o o o Can the U.S. require verifi
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Polymeric membrane based ion select
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Goal 2: Provide recommendations on
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hands-on training that develops a d
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Goal 3: Identify research needs to
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Working Group 1 Participants Bob KO
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estimated at roughly 3 to 5 days. H
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Goal 2 : Identify steps, agreements
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3) certifi cate, but tests positive
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Report from Working Group 3 The Par
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No. of Shipments 6,000 5,000 4,000
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Goal 3: Provide a recommendation wi
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Working Group 3 Participants Eric P
Page 53 and 54: Introduction Since the early 1960
Page 55 and 56: ainbow trout exposed to 40 mg SCN -
Page 57 and 58: Blennies, which were net-caught and
Page 59 and 60: electrical potential (similar to an
Page 61 and 62: in the Philippines under contract w
Page 63 and 64: endorsing the IMA’s use of the IS
Page 65 and 66: The intended products from the rese
Page 67 and 68: WPCF 1992, 1998). Both of these stu
Page 69 and 70: ASTM (1997) Standard test methods f
Page 71 and 72: Kuegsen, M., Kloock, J.P., Knobbe,
Page 73 and 74: Philippines. In Proceedings from th
Page 75 and 76: 3) 4) 5) 6) the metabolism of cyani
Page 77 and 78: or new matrices. 5.2.3 Modifi catio
Page 79 and 80: Level Two: The method should be val
Page 81 and 82: of cyanide exposure and to identify
Page 83 and 84: Special considerations for the anal
Page 85 and 86: tissue samples indispensable. Altho
Page 87 and 88: y reduction and subsequent separati
Page 89 and 90: can also be used for analysis of cy
Page 91 and 92: thiocyanate in saliva and serum bas
Page 93 and 94: are many discrepancies in the liter
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Analytical Methods to dete
Page 97 and 98: Poisoning, In Textbook of military
Page 99 and 100: (70) Odoul, M., Fouillet, B., Nouri
Page 101 and 102: V. (1975) Stable reagents for the c
Page 103: (159) Felscher, D. and Wulfmeyer, M
Page 107 and 108: day. One cyanide tablet (2 g) is mi
Page 109 and 110: 10-90% following exposure to cyanid
Page 111 and 112: existing cyanide detection methods
Page 113 and 114: - Plasma lactate — elevated plasm
Page 115 and 116: Method Advantages Disadvantages Hig
Page 117 and 118: Paper Method Matrix Detection Limit
Page 119 and 120: Table 4 lists experts identifi ed t
Page 121 and 122: X Jerry Thomas CDC Em Steve Borron
Page 123 and 124: References Barber, C. and Pratt, V.
Page 125 and 126: Rates of Recovery. Environmental Ma
Page 127: COUNTRY REPORTS
Page 130 and 131: The first three of these destructiv
Page 132 and 133: enforcement is minimal. There is an
Page 134 and 135: 1. Management/guidance to the Minis
Page 136 and 137: in Vietnam now and requires more ef
Page 138 and 139: Figure 2: Administrative structure
Page 140 and 141: References Baquero, J. (1999) Marin
Page 142 and 143: Acronyms • CDT • Cyanide Detect
Page 144 and 145: Law/Ordinance/Decree /Decision 52/2
Page 146 and 147: of samples required for analysis. U
Page 148 and 149: Field test kit. BFAR recognizes the
Page 150 and 151: Political Will Having planted the s
Page 152 and 153: gravely by fi shing communities. Th
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ecome the partner and counterpart o
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Ion-Selective Electrodes for Cyanid
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References Alban, J., Manipula, B.E
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levels with mV readings recorded as
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Trends Determined by Cyanide Testin
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Implementing agencies: • Quaranti
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APPENDIX
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1:30 Overview of and Potential Cyan
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Kristine Johnson Director Kingfi sh
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Assessment of U.S. Role in Trade: U
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