Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop

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Table 1. Summary of Cyanide Detection Test Methods Method Advantages Microbial Biosensors Use of microbial cells or enzymes to convert cyanide into by-products. The electrochemical signal produced by the cyanide by-products correlates with original cyanide concentration. Ion Selective Electrodes Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE) are membrane electrodes that respond selectively to ions in the presence of others. The voltage is theoretically dependent on the logarithm of the ionic activity, according to the Nernst equation. Fluorometric Fluorescence spectroscopy or fl uorometry is a type of spectroscopy used for analyzing compounds that have the ability to fl uoresce. Generally, this fl uorescence is directly proportional to the concentration of the material in question. Colorimetric Colorimetry is a method to measure the concentration of a known constituent of a solution by comparison with colors of standard solutions of that constituent. Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry measures the masses and relative concentrations of atoms and molecules by using the basic magnetic force on a moving charged particle. Electron Capture Detection ECD detects electron-absorbing components in the output stream of a gas chromatograph. The concentration is proportional to electron capture. Nitrogen/ Phosphorous Detection Detects electron-absorbing components in the output stream of a gas chromatograph. 104 - inexpensive - simple to operate - products are nontoxic - fast processing time - no interference - does not require extensive sample preparation - inexpensive - equipment is durable in fi eld settings - reduced interference - high sensitivity - rapid detection - cost effective - very sensitive and selective - provides confi rmatory structural information - selective detection combined with chromatographic detection - selective detection combined with chromatographic separation - samples easily affected by nutrients - limited life time of electrode - sample preparation may be required (2 hrs.) - electrode loses sensitivity with use - requires frequent recalibration - results vary with temperature - iodide levels in seawater will cause interference - prone to interference from other ions - sample preparation by microdiffusion required - impurities may diminish fl uorescence - interference potential still exists without a preseparation mechanism .e.g. chromatography - interference from thiosulfate ions - sample preparation often required - interference - machines may not be available in source countries - relatively expensive - needs expertise to run and maintain instrument - - see comments on GC See comments on GC
Method Advantages Disadvantages High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) The combination of a mass spectrometer and a liquid chromatograph makes a powerful tool for the detection of trace quantities of non-volatile compounds. Gas Chromatography (GC) Direct GC Gas chromatography is a type of chromatography in which the mobile phase is a carrier gas, usually an inert gas, and the stationary phase is a microscopic layer of liquid on an inert solid support, inside a column. Headspace GC Headspace analysis is most suited for the analysis of the very light volatiles in samples that can be effi ciently portioned into the headspace gas volume from the liquid or solid matrix sample. Complex sample matrices, which would otherwise require sample extraction or preparation, or be diffi cult to analyze directly, are ideal candidates for headspace since they can be placed directly in a vial with little or no preparation. 105 - “gold standard” analytical technique for quantitative analysis of complex biological and environmental samples - high sensitivity - may be most suitable to investigating metabolites of cyanide exposure - potential of detecting evidence of earlier cyanide exposure - very sensitive and selective - minimal sample preparation but, depending on analyte of interest, extraction of sample may be required - minimal/no sample preparation - relatively easy to use once validated protocol is established - may require derivatization (sample pre-treatment) of analyte of interest (i.e. cyanide metabolites) - possibly expensive - machines may not be available in source countries - needs expertise to run and maintain instrument - see above comments on GC - see above comments on GC
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Proceedings of the International Cy
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Proceedings of the Cyanide Detectio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Proceedings of
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PREFACE The International Cyanide D
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The International
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ATCA) in homogenized fi sh tissue m
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Validation of the ISE method applie
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Importing countries should also req
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INTRODUCTION Cyanide fi shing is a
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through the implementation of a net
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Working Group 2 The Export Working
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o o o o Can the U.S. require verifi
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Polymeric membrane based ion select
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Goal 2: Provide recommendations on
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hands-on training that develops a d
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Goal 3: Identify research needs to
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Working Group 1 Participants Bob KO
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estimated at roughly 3 to 5 days. H
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Goal 2 : Identify steps, agreements
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3) certifi cate, but tests positive
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Report from Working Group 3 The Par
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No. of Shipments 6,000 5,000 4,000
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Goal 3: Provide a recommendation wi
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Working Group 3 Participants Eric P
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Introduction Since the early 1960
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ainbow trout exposed to 40 mg SCN -
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Blennies, which were net-caught and
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electrical potential (similar to an
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in the Philippines under contract w
Page 63 and 64: endorsing the IMA’s use of the IS
Page 65 and 66: The intended products from the rese
Page 67 and 68: WPCF 1992, 1998). Both of these stu
Page 69 and 70: ASTM (1997) Standard test methods f
Page 71 and 72: Kuegsen, M., Kloock, J.P., Knobbe,
Page 73 and 74: Philippines. In Proceedings from th
Page 75 and 76: 3) 4) 5) 6) the metabolism of cyani
Page 77 and 78: or new matrices. 5.2.3 Modifi catio
Page 79 and 80: Level Two: The method should be val
Page 81 and 82: of cyanide exposure and to identify
Page 83 and 84: Special considerations for the anal
Page 85 and 86: tissue samples indispensable. Altho
Page 87 and 88: y reduction and subsequent separati
Page 89 and 90: can also be used for analysis of cy
Page 91 and 92: thiocyanate in saliva and serum bas
Page 93 and 94: are many discrepancies in the liter
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Analytical Methods to dete
Page 97 and 98: Poisoning, In Textbook of military
Page 99 and 100: (70) Odoul, M., Fouillet, B., Nouri
Page 101 and 102: V. (1975) Stable reagents for the c
Page 103 and 104: (159) Felscher, D. and Wulfmeyer, M
Page 105 and 106: Purpose of this Document The purpos
Page 107 and 108: day. One cyanide tablet (2 g) is mi
Page 109 and 110: 10-90% following exposure to cyanid
Page 111 and 112: existing cyanide detection methods
Page 113: - Plasma lactate — elevated plasm
Page 117 and 118: Paper Method Matrix Detection Limit
Page 119 and 120: Table 4 lists experts identifi ed t
Page 121 and 122: X Jerry Thomas CDC Em Steve Borron
Page 123 and 124: References Barber, C. and Pratt, V.
Page 125 and 126: Rates of Recovery. Environmental Ma
Page 127: COUNTRY REPORTS
Page 130 and 131: The first three of these destructiv
Page 132 and 133: enforcement is minimal. There is an
Page 134 and 135: 1. Management/guidance to the Minis
Page 136 and 137: in Vietnam now and requires more ef
Page 138 and 139: Figure 2: Administrative structure
Page 140 and 141: References Baquero, J. (1999) Marin
Page 142 and 143: Acronyms • CDT • Cyanide Detect
Page 144 and 145: Law/Ordinance/Decree /Decision 52/2
Page 146 and 147: of samples required for analysis. U
Page 148 and 149: Field test kit. BFAR recognizes the
Page 150 and 151: Political Will Having planted the s
Page 152 and 153: gravely by fi shing communities. Th
Page 154 and 155: ecome the partner and counterpart o
Page 157 and 158: Ion-Selective Electrodes for Cyanid
Page 159 and 160: References Alban, J., Manipula, B.E
Page 161 and 162: levels with mV readings recorded as
Page 163 and 164: Trends Determined by Cyanide Testin
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Implementing agencies: • Quaranti
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APPENDIX
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1:30 Overview of and Potential Cyan
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Kristine Johnson Director Kingfi sh
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Assessment of U.S. Role in Trade: U
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