Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop

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enforcement is minimal. There is anecdotal information that middlemen that buy live reef food fi sh also supply fi shers with the cyanide (Strehlow, 2006). In 2002 it was reported that 80% of the live marine aquarium fi sh exported from Vietnam die during transport to consuming nations from the detrimental effects of cyanide, ammonia and stress (Rubec and Palacol, 2002). The current percentage of mortalities in live marine aquarium fi sh from Vietnam is unknown. High mortality rates, due to cyanide capture and poor collection, transport, and handling procedures is a major problem impacting the viability of the marine aquarium and live reef food fi sh export trade from Vietnam. In Vietnam little attention is paid to the health of fi shers using diving equipment, despite warnings in the media by scientists regarding the harmful effect of using cyanide for fi shing and using directly compressed air without fi ltering while diving (Barber and Pratt, 1997, 1998). Divers in Vietnam have reported feeling drunk for a short time after using too much cyanide (Strehlow, 2006). Little is known about the long term health impacts of cyanide on fi shers. Although there seems to be a good understanding of the negative impacts of cyanide fi shing, the economic returns surpass those of traditional fi shing, and with little enforcement, this illegal activity persists. Researchers have worked with local communities in Indonesia and the Philippines to develop cyanide-free net capturing techniques for the marine aquarium trade (Rubec et al., (2001). In order to reduce the impact of cyanide fishing on coral reefs, as well as on diver health, alternatives for cyanide fi shing need to be developed for local Vietnamese fi shing communities. An assessment of the legislative landscape for cyanide management The Vietnamese government has made various commitments internationally and promulgated legislation domestically to eliminate destructive fishing practises. International Commitments In the international arena Vietnam has made numerous commitments to phasing out destructive fi shing practices as detailed in Appendix 1. Key commitments include: • • • 122 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (1995) which contains a commitment to end destructive fi shing practices APEC Fisheries Working Group (1997) - Endorsed a resolution urging “all members of the international community to cease the practise of cyanide fi shing” WSSD (2002) - Contains a commitment to phasing out destructive fi shing practices in the marine environment by the year 2012 Current domestic legislation and policies A range of domestic legislation has been promulgated relating to destructive fi shing in Vietnam (see Appendix 2). A decree strictly forbidding the use of dynamite, poison (cyanide) and electric fi shing was fi rst made in 1989 (Chapter II, Article 8 (1) Ordinance on the protection and development of aquatic resources 1989). Despite enactment of this legislation the use of destructive fishing practises still persisted 9 years later, particularly in provinces in central Vietnam. In response to this situation the Prime Minister in 1998 produced a directive “strictly banning the use of explosives, electric impulses and toxics to exploit aquatic resources”, also known as Directive 01 (Directive 01/1998/CT-TTg 2
Figure 1: Key provinces with wide spread destruction of reefs due to destructive fi shing practices (Source: Chou, 2000) January 1998). The directive prescribed action on compliance, enforcement and awareness raising. Additionally it directed District Peoples Committees to make plans to survey and classify poor fi shers and take measures to assist them in developing aquaculture or alternative sustainable fi shing methods (Article 6 Directive 01/1998/CT-TTg). The use of dynamite, electro and poison fi shing declined during the period 1999-2003 following the implementation of Directive 123 01. However, since 2006, due to declining coastal fi sheries resources and higher petrol/ oil prices, the use of dynamite, electro and poison fi shing has increased. In response to this increase the government of Vietnam, since early 2007, has set up a permanent Steering Committee (also called the Steering Committee 01) to prevent dynamite, electric and poison fi shing. The Steering Committee has identifi ed the following important tasks that they have accomplished:
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Proceedings of the International Cy
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Proceedings of the Cyanide Detectio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Proceedings of
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PREFACE The International Cyanide D
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The International
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ATCA) in homogenized fi sh tissue m
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Validation of the ISE method applie
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Importing countries should also req
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INTRODUCTION Cyanide fi shing is a
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through the implementation of a net
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Working Group 2 The Export Working
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o o o o Can the U.S. require verifi
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Polymeric membrane based ion select
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Goal 2: Provide recommendations on
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hands-on training that develops a d
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Goal 3: Identify research needs to
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Working Group 1 Participants Bob KO
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estimated at roughly 3 to 5 days. H
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Goal 2 : Identify steps, agreements
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3) certifi cate, but tests positive
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Report from Working Group 3 The Par
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No. of Shipments 6,000 5,000 4,000
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Goal 3: Provide a recommendation wi
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Working Group 3 Participants Eric P
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Introduction Since the early 1960
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ainbow trout exposed to 40 mg SCN -
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Blennies, which were net-caught and
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electrical potential (similar to an
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in the Philippines under contract w
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endorsing the IMA’s use of the IS
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The intended products from the rese
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WPCF 1992, 1998). Both of these stu
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ASTM (1997) Standard test methods f
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Kuegsen, M., Kloock, J.P., Knobbe,
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Philippines. In Proceedings from th
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3) 4) 5) 6) the metabolism of cyani
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or new matrices. 5.2.3 Modifi catio
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Level Two: The method should be val
Page 81 and 82: of cyanide exposure and to identify
Page 83 and 84: Special considerations for the anal
Page 85 and 86: tissue samples indispensable. Altho
Page 87 and 88: y reduction and subsequent separati
Page 89 and 90: can also be used for analysis of cy
Page 91 and 92: thiocyanate in saliva and serum bas
Page 93 and 94: are many discrepancies in the liter
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Analytical Methods to dete
Page 97 and 98: Poisoning, In Textbook of military
Page 99 and 100: (70) Odoul, M., Fouillet, B., Nouri
Page 101 and 102: V. (1975) Stable reagents for the c
Page 103 and 104: (159) Felscher, D. and Wulfmeyer, M
Page 105 and 106: Purpose of this Document The purpos
Page 107 and 108: day. One cyanide tablet (2 g) is mi
Page 109 and 110: 10-90% following exposure to cyanid
Page 111 and 112: existing cyanide detection methods
Page 113 and 114: - Plasma lactate — elevated plasm
Page 115 and 116: Method Advantages Disadvantages Hig
Page 117 and 118: Paper Method Matrix Detection Limit
Page 119 and 120: Table 4 lists experts identifi ed t
Page 121 and 122: X Jerry Thomas CDC Em Steve Borron
Page 123 and 124: References Barber, C. and Pratt, V.
Page 125 and 126: Rates of Recovery. Environmental Ma
Page 127: COUNTRY REPORTS
Page 130 and 131: The first three of these destructiv
Page 134 and 135: 1. Management/guidance to the Minis
Page 136 and 137: in Vietnam now and requires more ef
Page 138 and 139: Figure 2: Administrative structure
Page 140 and 141: References Baquero, J. (1999) Marin
Page 142 and 143: Acronyms • CDT • Cyanide Detect
Page 144 and 145: Law/Ordinance/Decree /Decision 52/2
Page 146 and 147: of samples required for analysis. U
Page 148 and 149: Field test kit. BFAR recognizes the
Page 150 and 151: Political Will Having planted the s
Page 152 and 153: gravely by fi shing communities. Th
Page 154 and 155: ecome the partner and counterpart o
Page 157 and 158: Ion-Selective Electrodes for Cyanid
Page 159 and 160: References Alban, J., Manipula, B.E
Page 161 and 162: levels with mV readings recorded as
Page 163 and 164: Trends Determined by Cyanide Testin
Page 165 and 166: Implementing agencies: • Quaranti
Page 167: APPENDIX
Page 170 and 171: 1:30 Overview of and Potential Cyan
Page 172 and 173: Kristine Johnson Director Kingfi sh
Page 174: Assessment of U.S. Role in Trade: U
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