Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop

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Goal 3: Provide a recommendation with respect to the possibility and/or benefi ts of a mandatory, government-issued, export certifi cation that states the fi sh were caught with legal practices. Cyanide detection: current procedures Efforts to fi nd cyanide in exporter countries are already taking place through boat searches using local enforcement or the Navy, and training on where to look for cyanide. However, uncovering cyanide use is harder now due to several key behaviors, including users traveling at night, cyanide stashes hidden underwater, and a switch from fi shing out an area to collecting for two days and then moving on. Inspections already occur in Indonesia and the Philippines, but they are insuffi cient. Limited cyanide testing is reportedly occuring at airports in the Philippines, but this testing may occur several days to two weeks after initial cyanide exposure. Due to the rapid metabolization of cyanide, this time frame may be too long for accurate testing. Sampling is either voluntary or provided by the exporter; there is no random or obligatory sampling for cyanide testing in Indonesia and the Philippines. Even with a sample provided, boxes may not get inspected before shipment. Also, if a shipment makes several stops before its fi nal destination, the exporter has no control over the shipment at those stops, where shipments might be tampered with or altered. Next steps The Working Group felt the only viable strategy to accrue evidence of cyanide use hinges on a testing scheme; any other strategy would be diffi cult and, while it could be a supporting scheme, it could not be the main strategy. An effective test would need to detect prior exposure to cyanide at the landing area within a 5- to 7-day frame, and a 7- to 14-day frame at international airports. If the ISE test is examined and proven reliable, funding for reinstating and signifi cantly enhancing the accompanying infrastructure will then need to be addressed. Cyanide-free verifi cation: testing outputs The Working Group examined numerous options for verifying cyanide-free marine ornamental fi sh. Three main approaches were discussed. 1) 2) Accreditation: The possibility of using a cyanide test as an accreditation tool may improve industry support as an alternative to a cyanide-free certifi cation scenario. For example, if after 10 cyanide-free shipments occur, the company would be accredited for a year’s time. Testing would continue even after accreditation, in order to maintain enhanced standards and monitoring. Certifi cation: The viability of independent third-party certifi cation schemes is unclear at this point. Previously, shipments verifi ed as cyanide-free based on the ISE testing method received cyanide-free certifi cates. While this could be a requirement for export of fi sh, it is not apparent whether this could be used as a legal toe-hold for prosecution between import and export countries. For example, if a shipment comes with a 30
3) certifi cate, but tests positive upon arrival in import countries, import enforcement offi cers can then testify in export countries. Licensing: Under a licensing scheme, the marine resource oversight organization within each export country should determine loss of license for those who fail cyanide testing. Due to the contentious nature of prosecution, the scheme would need an independent group to do the sampling. However, this puts the pressure again onto the quality of the test (given that the law is clear). One suggestion was that the municipal government revoke the fi shing license if authorities choose to trace it back to the point of collection. It was also suggested that, similar to anti-fencing laws, the government should see it as “anyone with stolen goods is guilty.” This would hold the exporter accountable if in possession of fi sh testing positive for cyanide. 31
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of the International Cy
Page 3 and 4: Proceedings of the Cyanide Detectio
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Proceedings of
Page 7: PREFACE The International Cyanide D
Page 11 and 12: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The International
Page 13 and 14: ATCA) in homogenized fi sh tissue m
Page 15 and 16: Validation of the ISE method applie
Page 17 and 18: Importing countries should also req
Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION Cyanide fi shing is a
Page 21 and 22: through the implementation of a net
Page 23 and 24: Working Group 2 The Export Working
Page 25 and 26: o o o o Can the U.S. require verifi
Page 27 and 28: Polymeric membrane based ion select
Page 29 and 30: Goal 2: Provide recommendations on
Page 31 and 32: hands-on training that develops a d
Page 33 and 34: Goal 3: Identify research needs to
Page 35 and 36: Working Group 1 Participants Bob KO
Page 37 and 38: estimated at roughly 3 to 5 days. H
Page 39: Goal 2 : Identify steps, agreements
Page 43 and 44: Report from Working Group 3 The Par
Page 45 and 46: No. of Shipments 6,000 5,000 4,000
Page 47 and 48: Goal 3: Provide a recommendation wi
Page 49: Working Group 3 Participants Eric P
Page 53 and 54: Introduction Since the early 1960
Page 55 and 56: ainbow trout exposed to 40 mg SCN -
Page 57 and 58: Blennies, which were net-caught and
Page 59 and 60: electrical potential (similar to an
Page 61 and 62: in the Philippines under contract w
Page 63 and 64: endorsing the IMA’s use of the IS
Page 65 and 66: The intended products from the rese
Page 67 and 68: WPCF 1992, 1998). Both of these stu
Page 69 and 70: ASTM (1997) Standard test methods f
Page 71 and 72: Kuegsen, M., Kloock, J.P., Knobbe,
Page 73 and 74: Philippines. In Proceedings from th
Page 75 and 76: 3) 4) 5) 6) the metabolism of cyani
Page 77 and 78: or new matrices. 5.2.3 Modifi catio
Page 79 and 80: Level Two: The method should be val
Page 81 and 82: of cyanide exposure and to identify
Page 83 and 84: Special considerations for the anal
Page 85 and 86: tissue samples indispensable. Altho
Page 87 and 88: y reduction and subsequent separati
Page 89 and 90: can also be used for analysis of cy
Page 91 and 92:
thiocyanate in saliva and serum bas
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are many discrepancies in the liter
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Table 3. Analytical Methods to dete
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Poisoning, In Textbook of military
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(70) Odoul, M., Fouillet, B., Nouri
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V. (1975) Stable reagents for the c
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(159) Felscher, D. and Wulfmeyer, M
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Purpose of this Document The purpos
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day. One cyanide tablet (2 g) is mi
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10-90% following exposure to cyanid
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existing cyanide detection methods
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- Plasma lactate — elevated plasm
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Method Advantages Disadvantages Hig
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Paper Method Matrix Detection Limit
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Table 4 lists experts identifi ed t
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X Jerry Thomas CDC Em Steve Borron
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References Barber, C. and Pratt, V.
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Rates of Recovery. Environmental Ma
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COUNTRY REPORTS
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The first three of these destructiv
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enforcement is minimal. There is an
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1. Management/guidance to the Minis
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in Vietnam now and requires more ef
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Figure 2: Administrative structure
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References Baquero, J. (1999) Marin
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Acronyms • CDT • Cyanide Detect
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Law/Ordinance/Decree /Decision 52/2
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of samples required for analysis. U
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Field test kit. BFAR recognizes the
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Political Will Having planted the s
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gravely by fi shing communities. Th
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ecome the partner and counterpart o
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Ion-Selective Electrodes for Cyanid
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References Alban, J., Manipula, B.E
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levels with mV readings recorded as
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Trends Determined by Cyanide Testin
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Implementing agencies: • Quaranti
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APPENDIX
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1:30 Overview of and Potential Cyan
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Kristine Johnson Director Kingfi sh
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Assessment of U.S. Role in Trade: U
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