Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop

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formal mechanism for evaluation and demonstration by the responsible party that the fi sh are in fact cyanide-free. Recommendation 9: Develop a cyanide testing program in the United States Participants felt that developing a cyanide testing program for points of import was a necessary step for deterring cyanide use. Unfortunately, such a system also presents the greatest challenge. In one year there are over 11,000 shipments of non-CITES listed reef fi shes into the United States. Currently, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) import inspections focus on endangered and threatened species listed under ESA and CITES. Inspection of aquarium fi sh is a relative low priority, as none of the species of fi sh are considered endangered. In addition to a limited capacity to inspect each shipment, verifi cation of cyanide is problematic because fi shes may be imported several weeks after being caught with cyanide, which is known to rapidly break down into sodium thiocyanate and other metabolites. Given testing backlogs for USFWS, samples would likely wait an additional three weeks after collection on import before testing. At this time, testing for cyanide metabolites is possible but extremely costly and time-consuming. In addition, there are limitations on the amount of time a shipment of fi shes can be detained, as these the fi sh will die if not transferred to aquaria fairly quickly after arrival in the United States. Therefore, the challenge for the United States is multi-fold, and can be confl icting: • • • • Creation of a comprehensive cyanide detection testing program in the United States must address new, supporting legislation as well as increased funding and staffi ng needs. The U.S. government agencies involved with import law enforcement would need a workable, import point CDT test to confi rm that fi shes declared as being cyanide-free were in fact not contaminated with cyanide. Without this U.S.-based test, it would not be possible to enforce the Lacey Act or any new legislation created to address the use of cyanide. It would be ideal to supplement a U.S. import CDT scheme with cyanide-free certifi cation from exporting countries. Although certifi cation alone would not be enough for U.S. standards, it could potentially help with enforcing violations. 8
INTRODUCTION Cyanide fi shing is a destructive fi shing technique widely used to capture live coral reef fi shes, including species destined for the marine aquarium and live reef food fi sh trades. The use of cyanide on coral reefs was fi rst documented in the early 1960s in the Philippines to capture aquarium fi shes, principally for export to the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. Cyanide fi sheries expanded to the live reef food fi sheries in the 1970s, and over the next two decades it spread throughout Southeast Asia and into the Pacifi c islands. Cyanide fi shing has been confi rmed in at least 15 countries, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldive Islands, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam (Jones et al., 1998). Most commonly, sodium cyanide is dissolved in seawater in plastic squirt bottles. Divers using hookah squirt the milky solution at the target fi sh, which then often retreat into crevices in the reef or within coral thickets. These corals may be subsequently broken apart by the diver to capture the fi sh. Cyanide tablets may also be secured to sticks and held close to a fi sh, or cyanide is mixed with bait and thrown overboard or placed into fi sh traps. There are also reports that fi shermen occasionally pump the cyanide into the water from surface boats, mainly to target grouper spawning aggregations. The stunned fi sh are then captured with hand-nets or attached to lines and hauled to surface support boats, where they may directly enter the trade or be held in fl oating cages until export. Cyanide is used in two very different live reef fi sheries. The Live Reef Food Fish Trade (LRFF) regularly targets large groupers, coral trout, barramundi cod, and humphead wrasse. Although it focuses mainly on a small number of species, the actual trade is large in terms of the biomass of fi sh collected. At its peak in 1997, the volume of fi sh in trade was estimated at about 50,000 metric tons. More recently, trade is about 30,000 metric tons per year, with about 60% imported into Hong Kong and the remainder destined for mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, and other Asian markets. Until the 1970s, LRFF fi sheries were mainly confi ned to areas in the South China Sea in close proximity to ports in Hong Kong and mainland China. The trade spread from the Philippines to Indonesia in the 1980s, and continued to expand to countries in the Pacifi c Ocean and Indian Ocean during the 1990s. Cyanide use has followed the expansion of the LRFF trade. One reason for the rapid expansion of this trade is that live fi sh can fetch substantially higher prices than dead fi sh of the same species. The total retail value of the LRFF was around $350 million per year between 1997 and 2001. By 2002, it increased to about $486 million for Hong Kong and $810 million for the entire trade. Individual fi sh can sell for up to $180 per kilogram, depending on species, taste, texture, availability, and time of year. Unlike the LRFF, the Marine Aquarium Trade (MAT) consists of a high diversity of fi shes, most of which are taken from the wild. Over 1,400 species of reef fi sh are traded worldwide for home aquaria at an annual volume of about 30 million fi sh, with approximately 16 million imported each year into the United States. Between 70 and 80% of these fi sh are from Indonesia and the Philippines, where cyanide use is most prevalent. In the MAT, species targeted by cyanide fi shing include nearly all coral fi sh species, but its use may be most prevalent among 9
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of the International Cy
Page 3 and 4: Proceedings of the Cyanide Detectio
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Proceedings of
Page 7: PREFACE The International Cyanide D
Page 11 and 12: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The International
Page 13 and 14: ATCA) in homogenized fi sh tissue m
Page 15 and 16: Validation of the ISE method applie
Page 17: Importing countries should also req
Page 21 and 22: through the implementation of a net
Page 23 and 24: Working Group 2 The Export Working
Page 25 and 26: o o o o Can the U.S. require verifi
Page 27 and 28: Polymeric membrane based ion select
Page 29 and 30: Goal 2: Provide recommendations on
Page 31 and 32: hands-on training that develops a d
Page 33 and 34: Goal 3: Identify research needs to
Page 35 and 36: Working Group 1 Participants Bob KO
Page 37 and 38: estimated at roughly 3 to 5 days. H
Page 39 and 40: Goal 2 : Identify steps, agreements
Page 41 and 42: 3) certifi cate, but tests positive
Page 43 and 44: Report from Working Group 3 The Par
Page 45 and 46: No. of Shipments 6,000 5,000 4,000
Page 47 and 48: Goal 3: Provide a recommendation wi
Page 49: Working Group 3 Participants Eric P
Page 53 and 54: Introduction Since the early 1960
Page 55 and 56: ainbow trout exposed to 40 mg SCN -
Page 57 and 58: Blennies, which were net-caught and
Page 59 and 60: electrical potential (similar to an
Page 61 and 62: in the Philippines under contract w
Page 63 and 64: endorsing the IMA’s use of the IS
Page 65 and 66: The intended products from the rese
Page 67 and 68: WPCF 1992, 1998). Both of these stu
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ASTM (1997) Standard test methods f
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Kuegsen, M., Kloock, J.P., Knobbe,
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Philippines. In Proceedings from th
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3) 4) 5) 6) the metabolism of cyani
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or new matrices. 5.2.3 Modifi catio
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Level Two: The method should be val
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of cyanide exposure and to identify
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Special considerations for the anal
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tissue samples indispensable. Altho
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y reduction and subsequent separati
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can also be used for analysis of cy
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thiocyanate in saliva and serum bas
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are many discrepancies in the liter
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Table 3. Analytical Methods to dete
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Poisoning, In Textbook of military
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(70) Odoul, M., Fouillet, B., Nouri
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V. (1975) Stable reagents for the c
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(159) Felscher, D. and Wulfmeyer, M
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Purpose of this Document The purpos
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day. One cyanide tablet (2 g) is mi
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10-90% following exposure to cyanid
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existing cyanide detection methods
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- Plasma lactate — elevated plasm
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Method Advantages Disadvantages Hig
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Paper Method Matrix Detection Limit
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Table 4 lists experts identifi ed t
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X Jerry Thomas CDC Em Steve Borron
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References Barber, C. and Pratt, V.
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Rates of Recovery. Environmental Ma
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COUNTRY REPORTS
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The first three of these destructiv
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enforcement is minimal. There is an
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1. Management/guidance to the Minis
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in Vietnam now and requires more ef
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Figure 2: Administrative structure
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References Baquero, J. (1999) Marin
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Acronyms • CDT • Cyanide Detect
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Law/Ordinance/Decree /Decision 52/2
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of samples required for analysis. U
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Field test kit. BFAR recognizes the
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Political Will Having planted the s
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gravely by fi shing communities. Th
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ecome the partner and counterpart o
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Ion-Selective Electrodes for Cyanid
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References Alban, J., Manipula, B.E
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levels with mV readings recorded as
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Trends Determined by Cyanide Testin
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Implementing agencies: • Quaranti
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APPENDIX
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1:30 Overview of and Potential Cyan
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Kristine Johnson Director Kingfi sh
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Assessment of U.S. Role in Trade: U
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