Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop

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(Liu and Yun, 1993) (Pettigrew and Fell, 1973) (Chanttaraj and Das, 1992)* The following are some methods to detect thiocyanate, a biological by-product of cyanide High Performance Liquid Chromatography -Mass Spectrometry Colorimetric Spectrometry (fl ame absorption) (Li et al, 1993)* Spectrophotometry (Chen et al., 1994)* (Michigami et al., 1992)* (Tominaga and Midio, 1991)* Thiocyanate in Saliva Thiocyanate in Blood and Urine Thiocyanate in Blood, Urine, Saliva Thiocyanate in Blood Gas Chromatography (Headspace) Thiocyanate in Urine, Saliva Ion Chromatography Spectrophotometry * Data obtained from published literature and not original paper Table 3. Key Cyanide Detection Facts Thiocyanate in Urine, Saliva Thiocyanate in Urine Half-life of cyanide in fi sh Unknown, but possibly 1-3 days Concentration of cyanide in squirt bottles before exposure Concentration of cyanide in fi sh after exposure Detection limit of Ion Selective Electrodes currently used 2 ng Approximately 0.07 ppm 1 4 ng/ml Wide range: 6.6-120 g/l (see text) 0.3 ug/ml 0.0115 nmo (in 0.2 ml) 20 ng/ml 2.5 umol/l 0.04 ppm to 1.02 ppm (Hodgson, pers. com.) Greater than 1 × 10 - 5 M (Mak, Yanase et al., 2005) Background level of cyanide in fi sh (freshwater) less than 1 μg/kg or less than 1 ppb (Eisler, 1991) Background level of cyanide in humans 50 ppb Toxic level of cyanide in humans Cyanide concentration that produces non-lethal, negative impacts in fi sh 108 2.5 ppm (Kobeleski, pers. com.) 0.1 – 0.3 mg/l (Doudoroff, 1980 cited in Mak, Yanase et al., 2005). 5.0 - 7.2 μg/l (Eisler, 1991)
Table 4 lists experts identifi ed to date related to cyanide detection. We predict there are two possible ways that some of these experts can support efforts to develop a cyanide detection system in marine fi sh: - - Conduct research to develop the laboratory protocols necessary for cyanide detection Serve as peer reviewers and advisors to evaluate and advise the protocol development The following individuals expressed interest in reviewing a request for proposals and potentially conducting analytical research to develop the protocols: - - - - Dr. Reinhard Renneberg Laboratory, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Dr. Brian Logue Laboratory, South Dakota State University A.C.S Laboratory, Cleveland, Dr. Mike Makelov Haereticus Laboratory, Clifford, VA, Dr. Craig Downs 109 The following individuals have expressed interest in providing advisory services in the form of review of a request for proposal or review of analytical techniques. Several of these individuals have a personal connection with the issue and are, or have been, aquarium hobbyists. - Dr. Stephen Lowes, Advion and owner of coral growing business - Dr. Bob Kobeleski, Center for Disease Control and lead to develop cyanide response network - Dr. Steve Baskin, Aberdeen Proving Ground - Dr. Terry Mudder, Editor, Cyanide Monograph The far left column of the table provides an informal indication of the current status of communication with the expert. “C” indicates an intention to call the individual; “F” means we are attempting to fi nd the experts; “Em” means we have sent an email; “X” means we have completed contact; “M” means we have left a message; “H” means we have had communication and the contact is on hold for the moment; and “P” means this expert is a priority for future activities.
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Proceedings of the International Cy
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Proceedings of the Cyanide Detectio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Proceedings of
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PREFACE The International Cyanide D
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The International
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ATCA) in homogenized fi sh tissue m
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Validation of the ISE method applie
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Importing countries should also req
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INTRODUCTION Cyanide fi shing is a
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through the implementation of a net
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Working Group 2 The Export Working
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o o o o Can the U.S. require verifi
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Polymeric membrane based ion select
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Goal 2: Provide recommendations on
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hands-on training that develops a d
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Goal 3: Identify research needs to
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Working Group 1 Participants Bob KO
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estimated at roughly 3 to 5 days. H
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Goal 2 : Identify steps, agreements
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3) certifi cate, but tests positive
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Report from Working Group 3 The Par
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No. of Shipments 6,000 5,000 4,000
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Goal 3: Provide a recommendation wi
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Working Group 3 Participants Eric P
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Introduction Since the early 1960
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ainbow trout exposed to 40 mg SCN -
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Blennies, which were net-caught and
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electrical potential (similar to an
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in the Philippines under contract w
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endorsing the IMA’s use of the IS
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The intended products from the rese
Page 67 and 68: WPCF 1992, 1998). Both of these stu
Page 69 and 70: ASTM (1997) Standard test methods f
Page 71 and 72: Kuegsen, M., Kloock, J.P., Knobbe,
Page 73 and 74: Philippines. In Proceedings from th
Page 75 and 76: 3) 4) 5) 6) the metabolism of cyani
Page 77 and 78: or new matrices. 5.2.3 Modifi catio
Page 79 and 80: Level Two: The method should be val
Page 81 and 82: of cyanide exposure and to identify
Page 83 and 84: Special considerations for the anal
Page 85 and 86: tissue samples indispensable. Altho
Page 87 and 88: y reduction and subsequent separati
Page 89 and 90: can also be used for analysis of cy
Page 91 and 92: thiocyanate in saliva and serum bas
Page 93 and 94: are many discrepancies in the liter
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Analytical Methods to dete
Page 97 and 98: Poisoning, In Textbook of military
Page 99 and 100: (70) Odoul, M., Fouillet, B., Nouri
Page 101 and 102: V. (1975) Stable reagents for the c
Page 103 and 104: (159) Felscher, D. and Wulfmeyer, M
Page 105 and 106: Purpose of this Document The purpos
Page 107 and 108: day. One cyanide tablet (2 g) is mi
Page 109 and 110: 10-90% following exposure to cyanid
Page 111 and 112: existing cyanide detection methods
Page 113 and 114: - Plasma lactate — elevated plasm
Page 115 and 116: Method Advantages Disadvantages Hig
Page 117: Paper Method Matrix Detection Limit
Page 121 and 122: X Jerry Thomas CDC Em Steve Borron
Page 123 and 124: References Barber, C. and Pratt, V.
Page 125 and 126: Rates of Recovery. Environmental Ma
Page 127: COUNTRY REPORTS
Page 130 and 131: The first three of these destructiv
Page 132 and 133: enforcement is minimal. There is an
Page 134 and 135: 1. Management/guidance to the Minis
Page 136 and 137: in Vietnam now and requires more ef
Page 138 and 139: Figure 2: Administrative structure
Page 140 and 141: References Baquero, J. (1999) Marin
Page 142 and 143: Acronyms • CDT • Cyanide Detect
Page 144 and 145: Law/Ordinance/Decree /Decision 52/2
Page 146 and 147: of samples required for analysis. U
Page 148 and 149: Field test kit. BFAR recognizes the
Page 150 and 151: Political Will Having planted the s
Page 152 and 153: gravely by fi shing communities. Th
Page 154 and 155: ecome the partner and counterpart o
Page 157 and 158: Ion-Selective Electrodes for Cyanid
Page 159 and 160: References Alban, J., Manipula, B.E
Page 161 and 162: levels with mV readings recorded as
Page 163 and 164: Trends Determined by Cyanide Testin
Page 165 and 166: Implementing agencies: • Quaranti
Page 167: APPENDIX
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1:30 Overview of and Potential Cyan
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Kristine Johnson Director Kingfi sh
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Assessment of U.S. Role in Trade: U
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