Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop

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testing, as well as other holistic strategies to begin tackling this complex issue. I feel we made excellent progress in identifying possible next steps and look forward to working with all of you to implement the recommendations, and getting to the point where we can implement a network of CDT labs. I recognize the importance of the on-the-ground efforts geared toward communities dependent on coral reef resources, and commend all of the ongoing efforts in the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. I am also happy to hear about the renewed interest of the government agencies in this issue, the progress that has been made, and the recognition of the importance of partnerships between exporting and importing countries to address this complex issue. Andy Bruckner, May 1, 2008 iv
PREFACE The International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop was conceived to identify possible options for reducing the use of cyanide in the capture of coral reef fi shes for the marine aquarium trade and the live reef food fi sh trade. Because the emphasis was on identifying options for cyanide testing in exporting and importing countries, as well as management and enforcement opportunities, participants included forensic chemists with expertise in cyanide testing, as well as government and non-government representatives from the United States and three major exporting countries — Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Attempts were made to involve key experts who either had developed a possible test for cyanide or had implemented cyanide testing on marine fi shes, as well as those involved in conservation and education initiatives directed at major stakeholders, including fi shermen and other industry representatives and non-government conservation groups. This workshop represents one component of a series of initiatives being implemented by the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program to address unsustainable and destructive trade in coral reef species. The mandates for this work include the Executive Order on Coral Reef Protection (13089) issued by President Clinton in 1998, the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force Coral Reef Action Strategy, and the Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000. The Executive Order called for the creation of the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force (USCRTF), a multi-agency federal body chaired by NOAA and the Department of the Interior, with involvement by state and territorial governments. It also specifi cally identifi ed unsustainable coral trade as an item the United States needed to address. Between 1998 and 2000, USCRTF members developed a road map for coral reef conservation — the National Action Plan to Conserve Reefs. One component of the Plan outlines seven key actions the United States should take to ensure the trade in coral reef species is sustainable, one of which targets efforts to improve law enforcement both domestically and internationally. At the 14 th Meeting of the USCRTF in Palau, the Task Force called on its members to increase efforts to build enforcement capacity. The Steering Committee was charged with developing an enforcement “toolbox” in cooperation with the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI), to help coral reef management communities build enforcement capacity. A decision was also adopted by the USCRTF to address the use of poisons in the capture of reef fi shes. The decision called for the creation of a working group on enforcement to 1) identify and recommend specifi c experts in law enforcement, fi eld forensics, and toxicology/biomarkers; and 2) utilize their expertise to identify existing or potential cyanide detection methods or tests which could be used to determine if fi sh had been exposed to cyanide. They also asked the group to explore the usefulness of convening a broader expert panel to resolve the issues associated with cyanide detection tests. Through funding from the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, a workshop of experts was convened in February 2008. This document summarizes the outcomes of that meeting. Included are summary recommendations, working group reports, abstracts and white papers from speakers, and background information on cyanide fi sheries. The Executive Summary highlights the major outcomes and conclusions from the workshop, including nine specifi c recommendations. These proceedings provide the framework for moving forward in implementing networks of cyanide detection laboratories. v
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of the International Cy
Page 3 and 4: Proceedings of the Cyanide Detectio
Page 5: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Proceedings of
Page 11 and 12: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The International
Page 13 and 14: ATCA) in homogenized fi sh tissue m
Page 15 and 16: Validation of the ISE method applie
Page 17 and 18: Importing countries should also req
Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION Cyanide fi shing is a
Page 21 and 22: through the implementation of a net
Page 23 and 24: Working Group 2 The Export Working
Page 25 and 26: o o o o Can the U.S. require verifi
Page 27 and 28: Polymeric membrane based ion select
Page 29 and 30: Goal 2: Provide recommendations on
Page 31 and 32: hands-on training that develops a d
Page 33 and 34: Goal 3: Identify research needs to
Page 35 and 36: Working Group 1 Participants Bob KO
Page 37 and 38: estimated at roughly 3 to 5 days. H
Page 39 and 40: Goal 2 : Identify steps, agreements
Page 41 and 42: 3) certifi cate, but tests positive
Page 43 and 44: Report from Working Group 3 The Par
Page 45 and 46: No. of Shipments 6,000 5,000 4,000
Page 47 and 48: Goal 3: Provide a recommendation wi
Page 49: Working Group 3 Participants Eric P
Page 53 and 54: Introduction Since the early 1960
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Blennies, which were net-caught and
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electrical potential (similar to an
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in the Philippines under contract w
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endorsing the IMA’s use of the IS
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The intended products from the rese
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WPCF 1992, 1998). Both of these stu
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ASTM (1997) Standard test methods f
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Kuegsen, M., Kloock, J.P., Knobbe,
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Philippines. In Proceedings from th
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3) 4) 5) 6) the metabolism of cyani
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or new matrices. 5.2.3 Modifi catio
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Level Two: The method should be val
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of cyanide exposure and to identify
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Special considerations for the anal
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tissue samples indispensable. Altho
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y reduction and subsequent separati
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can also be used for analysis of cy
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thiocyanate in saliva and serum bas
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are many discrepancies in the liter
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Table 3. Analytical Methods to dete
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Poisoning, In Textbook of military
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(70) Odoul, M., Fouillet, B., Nouri
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V. (1975) Stable reagents for the c
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(159) Felscher, D. and Wulfmeyer, M
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Purpose of this Document The purpos
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day. One cyanide tablet (2 g) is mi
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10-90% following exposure to cyanid
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existing cyanide detection methods
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- Plasma lactate — elevated plasm
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Method Advantages Disadvantages Hig
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Paper Method Matrix Detection Limit
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Table 4 lists experts identifi ed t
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X Jerry Thomas CDC Em Steve Borron
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References Barber, C. and Pratt, V.
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Rates of Recovery. Environmental Ma
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COUNTRY REPORTS
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The first three of these destructiv
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enforcement is minimal. There is an
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1. Management/guidance to the Minis
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in Vietnam now and requires more ef
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Figure 2: Administrative structure
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References Baquero, J. (1999) Marin
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Acronyms • CDT • Cyanide Detect
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Law/Ordinance/Decree /Decision 52/2
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of samples required for analysis. U
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Field test kit. BFAR recognizes the
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Political Will Having planted the s
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gravely by fi shing communities. Th
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ecome the partner and counterpart o
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Ion-Selective Electrodes for Cyanid
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References Alban, J., Manipula, B.E
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levels with mV readings recorded as
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Trends Determined by Cyanide Testin
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Implementing agencies: • Quaranti
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APPENDIX
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1:30 Overview of and Potential Cyan
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Kristine Johnson Director Kingfi sh
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Assessment of U.S. Role in Trade: U
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