Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop

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currently available, and cannot realistically be developed until we address questions regarding the time after exposure cyanide and cyanide metabolites are detectable. A quantitative method for laboratory analysis at points of import is needed for forensics laboratories. It is likely that the method would need to detect thiocyanate and not cyanide (or possibly ACTA or other analytes). Until more research is done, it is unlikely that an appropriate test for points of import can be identifi ed. Table 1: Summary of cyanide detection testing methods. Detection Method Testing For Approximate Cost Low $25K Half-life 1 hour Location Collection Technical Training Required Equipment Required Sensitivity Reliability Samples/Day Headspace Test Strip CN - Low Low Low Poor Unknown Many Location Export Ion Chromatography SCN - High Mod-High High Good Unknown 25+ Gas Chromatography ATCA Mod-High Mod-High High Excellent Good 25+ Colorimetric SCN - Low Low Low Good Good 25+ Location Import Ion Chromatography SCN - High Mod-High High Good Unknown 25+ Gas Chromatography ATCA Mod-High Mod-High High Excellent Good 25+ Colorimetric SCN - Low Low Low Good Good 25+ Half-life 10 hour Location Collection Headspace Test Strip CN - Low Low Low Poor Unknown Many Location Export Distillation/ISE CN - Low Moderate Moderate Good Good
Goal 3: Identify research needs to refi ne methodologies and/or develop other testing approaches. The group summarized some of the pressing biological questions and information gaps needed before the most appropriate testing methods could be adopted. The consensus of the Working Group was that serious gaps exist in the understanding of the metabolism and elimination of the cyanide anion and its major metabolites in fi sh. Without a better understanding of these processes, the implementation of an exposure assessment method that would meet legal requirements would be diffi cult. Therefore, the highest priority for research involves support for a program that will generate the data necessary to determine the availability of cyanide and its metabolites for exposure assessment versus the time involved with the local collection of fi sh, their transport to a fi xed site laboratory prior to export, and their arrival at the import destination prior to the implementation of an analysis method at any point in the delivery. The concentration of cyanide present in the living fi sh will vary depending on the concentration of the cyanide solution used during exposure, the length of time of the exposure, time for holding and duration of transport, and post-collection treatment. Rates of metabolism may also vary depending on species or size. Research should encompass these possible variations, such that it is possible to quantify measurable levels of cyanide in representative species and life history stages of marine fi shes, and how this changes over time, using at least two methods and multiple known concentrations. Participants also identifi ed a list of additional research needs for developing and refi ning cyanide detection testing methods: • Determine rates of metabolism of cyanide. A detailed analysis requires that the analyte is stable and at elevated levels in the fi sh long enough for it to be delivered to the laboratory and an examination conducted. Without a better understanding of these processes in representative marine fi sh species, the implementation of an exposure assessment method that would meet legal requirements would be diffi cult. The Working Group identifi ed the highest immediate priority is research to determine the half-life of cyanide and major metabolites (especially thiocyanate) in marine fi sh, and variations between species, life history stages, and the biological matrix examined. To represent the time from initial collection and transport from the reef to holding facilities in exporting countries and then on to import destinations, fi sh samples should be exposed to varying concentrations of cyanide, with representative individuals sampled immediately after exposure and subsequent defi ned intervals. • Identifi cation of the presence of background levels of cyanide (and major metabolites) in marine fi sh. This would include an evaluation of different species collected from a variety of locations and whether cyanide levels are above the limit of quantifi cation. One aspect should also include a determination of detectable background levels, using fi sh from the wild caught with nets as well as captive bred species. In addition, the effect of freezing samples must be determined for both fi eld collection and delayed analysis samples to prevent misinterpretation of data obtained from frozen samples. These steps are critical to ensure that the applied test can detect elevated levels of cyanide which would be indicative of exposure by 23
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of the International Cy
Page 3 and 4: Proceedings of the Cyanide Detectio
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Proceedings of
Page 7: PREFACE The International Cyanide D
Page 11 and 12: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The International
Page 13 and 14: ATCA) in homogenized fi sh tissue m
Page 15 and 16: Validation of the ISE method applie
Page 17 and 18: Importing countries should also req
Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION Cyanide fi shing is a
Page 21 and 22: through the implementation of a net
Page 23 and 24: Working Group 2 The Export Working
Page 25 and 26: o o o o Can the U.S. require verifi
Page 27 and 28: Polymeric membrane based ion select
Page 29 and 30: Goal 2: Provide recommendations on
Page 31: hands-on training that develops a d
Page 35 and 36: Working Group 1 Participants Bob KO
Page 37 and 38: estimated at roughly 3 to 5 days. H
Page 39 and 40: Goal 2 : Identify steps, agreements
Page 41 and 42: 3) certifi cate, but tests positive
Page 43 and 44: Report from Working Group 3 The Par
Page 45 and 46: No. of Shipments 6,000 5,000 4,000
Page 47 and 48: Goal 3: Provide a recommendation wi
Page 49: Working Group 3 Participants Eric P
Page 53 and 54: Introduction Since the early 1960
Page 55 and 56: ainbow trout exposed to 40 mg SCN -
Page 57 and 58: Blennies, which were net-caught and
Page 59 and 60: electrical potential (similar to an
Page 61 and 62: in the Philippines under contract w
Page 63 and 64: endorsing the IMA’s use of the IS
Page 65 and 66: The intended products from the rese
Page 67 and 68: WPCF 1992, 1998). Both of these stu
Page 69 and 70: ASTM (1997) Standard test methods f
Page 71 and 72: Kuegsen, M., Kloock, J.P., Knobbe,
Page 73 and 74: Philippines. In Proceedings from th
Page 75 and 76: 3) 4) 5) 6) the metabolism of cyani
Page 77 and 78: or new matrices. 5.2.3 Modifi catio
Page 79 and 80: Level Two: The method should be val
Page 81 and 82: of cyanide exposure and to identify
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Special considerations for the anal
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tissue samples indispensable. Altho
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y reduction and subsequent separati
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can also be used for analysis of cy
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thiocyanate in saliva and serum bas
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are many discrepancies in the liter
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Table 3. Analytical Methods to dete
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Poisoning, In Textbook of military
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(70) Odoul, M., Fouillet, B., Nouri
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V. (1975) Stable reagents for the c
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(159) Felscher, D. and Wulfmeyer, M
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Purpose of this Document The purpos
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day. One cyanide tablet (2 g) is mi
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10-90% following exposure to cyanid
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existing cyanide detection methods
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- Plasma lactate — elevated plasm
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Method Advantages Disadvantages Hig
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Paper Method Matrix Detection Limit
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Table 4 lists experts identifi ed t
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X Jerry Thomas CDC Em Steve Borron
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References Barber, C. and Pratt, V.
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Rates of Recovery. Environmental Ma
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COUNTRY REPORTS
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The first three of these destructiv
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enforcement is minimal. There is an
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1. Management/guidance to the Minis
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in Vietnam now and requires more ef
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Figure 2: Administrative structure
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References Baquero, J. (1999) Marin
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Acronyms • CDT • Cyanide Detect
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Law/Ordinance/Decree /Decision 52/2
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of samples required for analysis. U
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Field test kit. BFAR recognizes the
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Political Will Having planted the s
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gravely by fi shing communities. Th
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ecome the partner and counterpart o
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Ion-Selective Electrodes for Cyanid
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References Alban, J., Manipula, B.E
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levels with mV readings recorded as
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Trends Determined by Cyanide Testin
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Implementing agencies: • Quaranti
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APPENDIX
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1:30 Overview of and Potential Cyan
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Kristine Johnson Director Kingfi sh
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Assessment of U.S. Role in Trade: U
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