Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop

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Battling the Silent Killer of Coral Reefs Gil Adora Assistant Director Philippines Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources gi_adora@yahoo.com The misuse of sodium cyanide - the silent killer of coral reefs - in the live reef fi sh trade remains a major and fundamental challenge to fi sheries resource management and conservation in the Philippines. Although the practice is illegal and fraught with health risks, live fi sh collectors continue to take their chances, emboldened by the knowledge that government has very limited capability to apprehend and prosecute them. The country’s response to the cyanide fi shing menace was originally focused on training programs that encourage collectors to shift to coral-friendly harvesting techniques. However, the failure of the market to reward them with better returns for their enterprise has been cited as a major disincentive that eventually compels reformed fi shermen to revert to cyanide use. The Philippine campaign against cyanide fi shing reached a major turning point when our agency adopted a cyanide detection test that uses Ion Selective Electrodes to detect the presence of cyanide in fi sh tissues and organs. The new test was regarded as a signifi cant breakthrough, inspiring law enforcers to make arrests and enabling BFAR to fi le cases 152 and successfully prosecute a number of them in court. Unfortunately, a shortage of funds compelled BFAR to scale down the operation of its six CDT laboratories. To date, only four of the six laboratories are functioning: Manila, Puerto Princesa, Cebu and Zamboanga. The good news is that BFAR’s political will to stamp our cyanide use remains strong and has only been put on hold due to budgetary to limitations. In fact, BFAR has a standing plan to expand the existing CDT laboratory network by establishing new laboratories in other centers of live fi sh collection. The better news is that the agency been able to source from recent grants and loans a total of seven complete CDT equipment which, funds permitting, would be used in strategic priority areas. BFAR, however, needs help in running and maintaining these labs and other complementary activities. It is our hope that this workshop will result - well, eventually -in providing us with the wherewithal to put in operation a serious and effective cyanide fi shing reform program.
Trends Determined by Cyanide Testing on Marine Aquarium Fish in the Philippines Cyanide has been demonstrated to kill corals and there is scientifi c evidence that it contributes to the high delayed mortality of marine fi sh in the aquarium trade. The International Marinelife Alliance (IMA) conducted cyanide detection testing (CDT) on marine aquarium fi sh and food fi sh as well as marine invertebrates in the Philippines. The testing was conducted under contract with the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). A network consisting of six Cyanide Detecting Testing (CDT) laboratories and three regional Marine Inspection and Sampling (MIS) offi ces were established. The CDT network conducted random sampling of fi sh from collectors, middlemen, and exporters throughout the Philippines. Samples were also collected by law enforcement personnel and voluntarily submitted by fi sh exporters to determine whether or not the fi sh were cyanidefree. Over 48,000 aquarium and food fi sh specimens were tested from 1993 to 2001. Since then, the ASTM method involving acid digestion, distillation, and determination of cyanide concentrations using ion selective electrodes (ISE) has been conducted by staff associated with BFAR. The CDT laboratories in conjunction with law enforcement efforts have served to deter cyanide fi shing in the Philippines. The proportion of marine aquarium fi sh tested with cyanide present Peter J. Rubec 1 and Benita Manipula 2 International Marinelife Alliance 1. peterrubec@cs.com 2. dragon9262002@yahoo.com 153 dropped from 43% in 1996 to 8% in 1999, then rose to 29% in 2000. The data are broken down by family to indicate the proportion of specimens with cyanide present or absent. Cyanide testing needs to be expanded in the Philippines and implemented in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Malaysia to support law enforcement and conserve coral reefs and their associated fi sheries. It should be tied to an accreditation system of marine ornamental species exported to other countries including the U.S.A. Rubec, P.J., Pratt, V.R., McCullough, B., Manipula, B., Alban, J., Espero, T. and Suplido, E. (2003) Trends determined by cyanide testing on marine aquarium fi sh in the Philippines. In Marine Ornamental Species: Collection, Culture and Conservation (Cato, J.C. and Brown, C.L., Eds.) 327-340, Iowa State Press, Ames, IA.
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Proceedings of the International Cy
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Proceedings of the Cyanide Detectio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Proceedings of
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PREFACE The International Cyanide D
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The International
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ATCA) in homogenized fi sh tissue m
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Validation of the ISE method applie
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Importing countries should also req
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INTRODUCTION Cyanide fi shing is a
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through the implementation of a net
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Working Group 2 The Export Working
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o o o o Can the U.S. require verifi
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Polymeric membrane based ion select
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Goal 2: Provide recommendations on
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hands-on training that develops a d
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Goal 3: Identify research needs to
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Working Group 1 Participants Bob KO
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estimated at roughly 3 to 5 days. H
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Goal 2 : Identify steps, agreements
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3) certifi cate, but tests positive
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Report from Working Group 3 The Par
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No. of Shipments 6,000 5,000 4,000
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Goal 3: Provide a recommendation wi
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Working Group 3 Participants Eric P
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Introduction Since the early 1960
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ainbow trout exposed to 40 mg SCN -
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Blennies, which were net-caught and
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electrical potential (similar to an
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in the Philippines under contract w
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endorsing the IMA’s use of the IS
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The intended products from the rese
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WPCF 1992, 1998). Both of these stu
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ASTM (1997) Standard test methods f
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Kuegsen, M., Kloock, J.P., Knobbe,
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Philippines. In Proceedings from th
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3) 4) 5) 6) the metabolism of cyani
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or new matrices. 5.2.3 Modifi catio
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Level Two: The method should be val
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of cyanide exposure and to identify
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Special considerations for the anal
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tissue samples indispensable. Altho
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y reduction and subsequent separati
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can also be used for analysis of cy
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thiocyanate in saliva and serum bas
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are many discrepancies in the liter
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Table 3. Analytical Methods to dete
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Poisoning, In Textbook of military
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(70) Odoul, M., Fouillet, B., Nouri
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V. (1975) Stable reagents for the c
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(159) Felscher, D. and Wulfmeyer, M
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Purpose of this Document The purpos
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day. One cyanide tablet (2 g) is mi
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10-90% following exposure to cyanid
Page 111 and 112: existing cyanide detection methods
Page 113 and 114: - Plasma lactate — elevated plasm
Page 115 and 116: Method Advantages Disadvantages Hig
Page 117 and 118: Paper Method Matrix Detection Limit
Page 119 and 120: Table 4 lists experts identifi ed t
Page 121 and 122: X Jerry Thomas CDC Em Steve Borron
Page 123 and 124: References Barber, C. and Pratt, V.
Page 125 and 126: Rates of Recovery. Environmental Ma
Page 127: COUNTRY REPORTS
Page 130 and 131: The first three of these destructiv
Page 132 and 133: enforcement is minimal. There is an
Page 134 and 135: 1. Management/guidance to the Minis
Page 136 and 137: in Vietnam now and requires more ef
Page 138 and 139: Figure 2: Administrative structure
Page 140 and 141: References Baquero, J. (1999) Marin
Page 142 and 143: Acronyms • CDT • Cyanide Detect
Page 144 and 145: Law/Ordinance/Decree /Decision 52/2
Page 146 and 147: of samples required for analysis. U
Page 148 and 149: Field test kit. BFAR recognizes the
Page 150 and 151: Political Will Having planted the s
Page 152 and 153: gravely by fi shing communities. Th
Page 154 and 155: ecome the partner and counterpart o
Page 157 and 158: Ion-Selective Electrodes for Cyanid
Page 159 and 160: References Alban, J., Manipula, B.E
Page 161: levels with mV readings recorded as
Page 165 and 166: Implementing agencies: • Quaranti
Page 167: APPENDIX
Page 170 and 171: 1:30 Overview of and Potential Cyan
Page 172 and 173: Kristine Johnson Director Kingfi sh
Page 174: Assessment of U.S. Role in Trade: U
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