Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop

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Cyanide Detection Testing (CDT) Used by the BFAR/IMA Laboratories in the Philippines The use of cyanide to capture marine aquarium fi sh and food fi sh alive is widespread in the Asia-Pacifi c region and not only leads to high mortality rates of the captured fi sh, but also damages and kills corals and other organisms on the reefs. The use of cyanide is illegal in all countries where it is used, but enforcement is diffi cult. A cyanide detection test (CDT) developed by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) was adopted by the International Marinelife Alliance (IMA) and applied to test marine organisms (mostly aquarium fi sh and food fi sh species) in the Philippines under contract with the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) (APHA 1992, ASTM 1997). A network of six BFAR/IMA CDT laboratories was established throughout the Philippines staffed by chemists. Sampling was conducted by biologists deputized by BFAR at various locations including the boats of fi shers, home ports, distribution points such as airports, and at export facilities in Manila. Over 48,000 fi sh and invertebrate specimens were tested Benita Manipula Former Chief Chemist International Marinelife Alliance dragon9262002@yahoo.com 148 for the presence of cyanide by IMA chemists from 1993 to 2001. The method involves the digestion of fi sh tissues in sulfuric acid to liberate hydrogen cyanide gas, and capture of cyanide ions in sodium hydroxide solution after refl ux distillation. The chemicals added to the apparatus facilitate the extraction of cyanide from fi sh tissues and help to eliminate interfering substances. Cyanide ion concentrations were determined using an ion selective electrode (ISE) linked to an ISE meter manufactured by Thermo-Orion. The ASTM ISE method for cyanide ion detection is internationally recognized. It has been in use since the early 1980s and is periodically updated in separate publications by the ASTM, the American Public Health Association (APHA), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). The ASTM ISE method has been used by a variety of organizations. Cyanide testing should be used to enforce laws against illegal fi shing and to accredit marine ornamentals (MO) as being cyanide-free to support a sustainable MO trade.
References Alban, J., Manipula, B.E. and Rubec, P.J. (2001) Standard Operating Procedures For Sampling Marine Fish And Invertebrates Used By The Philippines Cyanide Detection Test (CDT) Laboratory Network. Philippine Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources/International Marinelife Alliance. APHA, AWWA, WPCF (1992) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association 19. ASTM (1997) Annual Book Of Standards Vol. 11.02, (D2036-91), American Society of Testing and Materials. Manipula, B., Suplido, E.R. and Astillero, N.M. (2001a) Standard Operating Procedures For Preparation Of Marine Fish And Invertebrate 149 Samples For Cyanide Testing, Grouper Research, And Assessment Of Blast Fishing. Philippine Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and International Marinelife Alliance. Manipula, B.E., Suplido, E.R. and Astillero, N.M. (2001b) Standard Operating Procedures For Cyanide Testing Used By The Philippines Cyanide Detection Test (CDT) Network. Philippine Department of Agriculture- Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and International Marinelife Alliance. Manipula, B.E., Rubec, P.J. and Frant, M. (2001c) Standard Operating Procedures For Use Of The Thermo Orion Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) And The ISE/pH Meter To Assess Cyanide Concentrations. Philippine Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and International Marinelife Alliance.
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Proceedings of the International Cy
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Proceedings of the Cyanide Detectio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Proceedings of
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PREFACE The International Cyanide D
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The International
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ATCA) in homogenized fi sh tissue m
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Validation of the ISE method applie
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Importing countries should also req
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INTRODUCTION Cyanide fi shing is a
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through the implementation of a net
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Working Group 2 The Export Working
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o o o o Can the U.S. require verifi
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Polymeric membrane based ion select
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Goal 2: Provide recommendations on
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hands-on training that develops a d
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Goal 3: Identify research needs to
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Working Group 1 Participants Bob KO
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estimated at roughly 3 to 5 days. H
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Goal 2 : Identify steps, agreements
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3) certifi cate, but tests positive
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Report from Working Group 3 The Par
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No. of Shipments 6,000 5,000 4,000
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Goal 3: Provide a recommendation wi
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Working Group 3 Participants Eric P
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Introduction Since the early 1960
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ainbow trout exposed to 40 mg SCN -
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Blennies, which were net-caught and
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electrical potential (similar to an
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in the Philippines under contract w
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endorsing the IMA’s use of the IS
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The intended products from the rese
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WPCF 1992, 1998). Both of these stu
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ASTM (1997) Standard test methods f
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Kuegsen, M., Kloock, J.P., Knobbe,
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Philippines. In Proceedings from th
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3) 4) 5) 6) the metabolism of cyani
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or new matrices. 5.2.3 Modifi catio
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Level Two: The method should be val
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of cyanide exposure and to identify
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Special considerations for the anal
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tissue samples indispensable. Altho
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y reduction and subsequent separati
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can also be used for analysis of cy
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thiocyanate in saliva and serum bas
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are many discrepancies in the liter
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Table 3. Analytical Methods to dete
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Poisoning, In Textbook of military
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(70) Odoul, M., Fouillet, B., Nouri
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V. (1975) Stable reagents for the c
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(159) Felscher, D. and Wulfmeyer, M
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Purpose of this Document The purpos
Page 107 and 108: day. One cyanide tablet (2 g) is mi
Page 109 and 110: 10-90% following exposure to cyanid
Page 111 and 112: existing cyanide detection methods
Page 113 and 114: - Plasma lactate — elevated plasm
Page 115 and 116: Method Advantages Disadvantages Hig
Page 117 and 118: Paper Method Matrix Detection Limit
Page 119 and 120: Table 4 lists experts identifi ed t
Page 121 and 122: X Jerry Thomas CDC Em Steve Borron
Page 123 and 124: References Barber, C. and Pratt, V.
Page 125 and 126: Rates of Recovery. Environmental Ma
Page 127: COUNTRY REPORTS
Page 130 and 131: The first three of these destructiv
Page 132 and 133: enforcement is minimal. There is an
Page 134 and 135: 1. Management/guidance to the Minis
Page 136 and 137: in Vietnam now and requires more ef
Page 138 and 139: Figure 2: Administrative structure
Page 140 and 141: References Baquero, J. (1999) Marin
Page 142 and 143: Acronyms • CDT • Cyanide Detect
Page 144 and 145: Law/Ordinance/Decree /Decision 52/2
Page 146 and 147: of samples required for analysis. U
Page 148 and 149: Field test kit. BFAR recognizes the
Page 150 and 151: Political Will Having planted the s
Page 152 and 153: gravely by fi shing communities. Th
Page 154 and 155: ecome the partner and counterpart o
Page 157: Ion-Selective Electrodes for Cyanid
Page 161 and 162: levels with mV readings recorded as
Page 163 and 164: Trends Determined by Cyanide Testin
Page 165 and 166: Implementing agencies: • Quaranti
Page 167: APPENDIX
Page 170 and 171: 1:30 Overview of and Potential Cyan
Page 172 and 173: Kristine Johnson Director Kingfi sh
Page 174: Assessment of U.S. Role in Trade: U
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