Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop

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The research proposed and the use of an ATCA test to support law enforcement in the U.S.A. can be justifi ed not only on the basis of the aquarium trade (in which cyanide contaminated fi sh enter the U.S.A), but also from the point of view of counter-terrorism. An accurate, reliable test for either the cyanide ion or thiocyanate anion, and/or a cyanide biomarker like ATCA is needed to protect Americans from attacks by terrorists using cyanide. The costs for the US-based cyanide detection equipment, for the evaluations, research, and trainings are higher than testing done in the exporting countries. However, they can easily be justifi ed based on the terrorism threat. Acknowledgements The authors thank Dr. Robert Kobelski and Dr. Brian Logue for reviewing the manuscript and for providing comments and suggested changes. 58 References Cited Alban, J., Manipula, B.E. and Rubec, P.J. (2001) Standard Operating Procedures For Sampling Marine Fish And Invertebrates Used By The Philippines Cyanide Detection Test (CDT) Laboratory Network. Philippine Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and International Marinelife Alliance, 24 pp. APHA-AWWA-WPCF (1992) Method 4500- CN - E. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18 th Edition, American Public Health Association, American Waterworks Association, Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington, DC. APHA-AWWA-WPCF (1998a) Method 4500- CN - E. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20 th Edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, American Pollution Control Federation, Washington, D.C. APHA-AWWA-WPCF (1998b) 4500-CN - K. Spot test for sample screening. In Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20 th Edition, pp. 4-46 to 4-47, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, American Pollution Control Federation, Washington, D.C. ASTM (1987) Research Report D2036, pp 19- 1131, American Society of Testing And Materials, Philadelphia, PA. ASTM (1990) Designation D5049-90. Standard test method for the screening of cyanide in waste, Test Method C. In 1990 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, pp 1-4, American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.
ASTM (1997) Standard test methods for cyanides in water. In 1997 Annual Book Of Standards, Vol. 11.02, Water (ll), Designation D2036-91 (Storer, R.A., et al., Eds.) pp. 76-92, American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. Barber, C.V. and Pratt, V.R. (1997) Sullied Seas: Strategies For Combating Cyanide Fishing in Southeast Asia and Beyond. Report prepared by World Resources Institute and International Marinelife Alliance, 73 pp, Washington, D.C. Barber, C.V. and Pratt, V.R. (1998) Poison for profi ts: cyanide fi shing in the Indo-Pacifi c. Environment 40:8, 5-9, 28-34. Battelle (2005) Industrial Test Systems, Inc. Cyanide ReagentStrip TM Test Kit, Environmental Technology Verifi cation Report by Battelle under contract to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 42 pp. Brown, D.G., Lanno, R. P., van Den Heuval, M.R. and Dixon, D.G. (1995) HPLC determination of plasma thiocyanate concentrations in fi sh blood: application to laboratory pharmakinetic and fi eld monitoring studies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 30, 302-308. Cervino, J. M., Hayes, R. L., Honovitch, M., Goreau, T. J., Jones, S. and Rubec, P. J. (2003) Changes in zooxanthellae density, morphology, and mitotic index in hermatypic corals and anemones exposed to cyanide. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, 573- 586. Chen, S.-H. and Yang, Z.-Y. (1996) Determination of thiocyanate anion by high performance liquid chromatography with fl uorimetric detection. Journal of 59 Analytical Toxicology 20 (January/February 1996), 38-42. del Norte, A.G.C., Nanola, C.L., McManus, J.W., Reyes, R.B., Campos, W.L. and Cabansag, J.B.P. (1989) Overfi shing on a Philippine coral reef: a glimpse into the future. In Coastal Zone _89, In Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management Vol. 4 (Magoon, O.T., Converse, H., Miner, D., Tobin, L.T. and Clark, D., Eds.) pp. 3089–3097. Dixon, D.G. and Leduc, G. (1981) Chronic cyanide poisoning of rainbow trout and its effects on growth respiration and liver histopathology. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 10, 117-131. Dzombak, D.A., Bushey, J.T., Drop, S.M. and Ghoshi, R.S. (2006) Analysis of cyanide in solids and semi-solids. In Cyanide In Water And Soil (Dzomback, D.A., Ghosh, R.S. and Wong-Chong, W.M., Eds.) pp 155-169, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. Dumas, P., Gringas, G. and LeBlanc, A. (2005) Isotope dilution-mass spectrometry determination of blood cyanide by headspace gas chromatography. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 29, 71-75. Elsholz, O., Frenzel, W., Lin, C.-Y. and Moller, J. (1990) Evaluation of experimental conditions on the response of fl uoride and cyanide selective electrodes in fl ow injection potentiometry. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 338, 159-162. Fahrudin, A. (2003) Extended Cost Benefi t Analysis of Present And Future Use of Indonesian Coral Reefs: an Empirical Approach to Sustainable Management of Tropical Marine Resources. Doctoral Dissertation, Institute
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Proceedings of the International Cy
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Proceedings of the Cyanide Detectio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Proceedings of
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PREFACE The International Cyanide D
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The International
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ATCA) in homogenized fi sh tissue m
Page 15 and 16:
Validation of the ISE method applie
Page 17 and 18: Importing countries should also req
Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION Cyanide fi shing is a
Page 21 and 22: through the implementation of a net
Page 23 and 24: Working Group 2 The Export Working
Page 25 and 26: o o o o Can the U.S. require verifi
Page 27 and 28: Polymeric membrane based ion select
Page 29 and 30: Goal 2: Provide recommendations on
Page 31 and 32: hands-on training that develops a d
Page 33 and 34: Goal 3: Identify research needs to
Page 35 and 36: Working Group 1 Participants Bob KO
Page 37 and 38: estimated at roughly 3 to 5 days. H
Page 39 and 40: Goal 2 : Identify steps, agreements
Page 41 and 42: 3) certifi cate, but tests positive
Page 43 and 44: Report from Working Group 3 The Par
Page 45 and 46: No. of Shipments 6,000 5,000 4,000
Page 47 and 48: Goal 3: Provide a recommendation wi
Page 49: Working Group 3 Participants Eric P
Page 53 and 54: Introduction Since the early 1960
Page 55 and 56: ainbow trout exposed to 40 mg SCN -
Page 57 and 58: Blennies, which were net-caught and
Page 59 and 60: electrical potential (similar to an
Page 61 and 62: in the Philippines under contract w
Page 63 and 64: endorsing the IMA’s use of the IS
Page 65 and 66: The intended products from the rese
Page 67: WPCF 1992, 1998). Both of these stu
Page 71 and 72: Kuegsen, M., Kloock, J.P., Knobbe,
Page 73 and 74: Philippines. In Proceedings from th
Page 75 and 76: 3) 4) 5) 6) the metabolism of cyani
Page 77 and 78: or new matrices. 5.2.3 Modifi catio
Page 79 and 80: Level Two: The method should be val
Page 81 and 82: of cyanide exposure and to identify
Page 83 and 84: Special considerations for the anal
Page 85 and 86: tissue samples indispensable. Altho
Page 87 and 88: y reduction and subsequent separati
Page 89 and 90: can also be used for analysis of cy
Page 91 and 92: thiocyanate in saliva and serum bas
Page 93 and 94: are many discrepancies in the liter
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Analytical Methods to dete
Page 97 and 98: Poisoning, In Textbook of military
Page 99 and 100: (70) Odoul, M., Fouillet, B., Nouri
Page 101 and 102: V. (1975) Stable reagents for the c
Page 103 and 104: (159) Felscher, D. and Wulfmeyer, M
Page 105 and 106: Purpose of this Document The purpos
Page 107 and 108: day. One cyanide tablet (2 g) is mi
Page 109 and 110: 10-90% following exposure to cyanid
Page 111 and 112: existing cyanide detection methods
Page 113 and 114: - Plasma lactate — elevated plasm
Page 115 and 116: Method Advantages Disadvantages Hig
Page 117 and 118: Paper Method Matrix Detection Limit
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Table 4 lists experts identifi ed t
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X Jerry Thomas CDC Em Steve Borron
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References Barber, C. and Pratt, V.
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Rates of Recovery. Environmental Ma
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COUNTRY REPORTS
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The first three of these destructiv
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enforcement is minimal. There is an
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1. Management/guidance to the Minis
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in Vietnam now and requires more ef
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Figure 2: Administrative structure
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References Baquero, J. (1999) Marin
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Acronyms • CDT • Cyanide Detect
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Law/Ordinance/Decree /Decision 52/2
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of samples required for analysis. U
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Field test kit. BFAR recognizes the
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Political Will Having planted the s
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gravely by fi shing communities. Th
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ecome the partner and counterpart o
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Ion-Selective Electrodes for Cyanid
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References Alban, J., Manipula, B.E
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levels with mV readings recorded as
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Trends Determined by Cyanide Testin
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Implementing agencies: • Quaranti
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APPENDIX
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1:30 Overview of and Potential Cyan
Page 172 and 173:
Kristine Johnson Director Kingfi sh
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Assessment of U.S. Role in Trade: U
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