Appendices & Glossary - Botanical Research Institute of Texas

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1274 APPENDIX NINETEEN/NATIVE PLANTS IMPORTANT TO WILDLIFE IN EAST TEXAS Although each species of wildlife has specific life requisite requirements (habitat), these resources vary seasonally and locally, especially for those species that are distributed over a large area and are generalists rather than specialists in their requirements. Few wildlife species have been studied sufficiently to provide information that goes beyond the local area where the studies were conducted; therefore, so to generalize about their life requisites throughout their range of distribution is difficult. Also, the situation becomes extremely complex when multiple species are involved. The only specific assessment of plant values to wildlife that has been accomplished is the ranking of food use by species or wildlife groups. Therefore, in the following lists if an asterisk “*” is associated with the common name of a plant genus or species, it signifies an especially important food source for wildlife (b = deer browse (including fruits and herbage), f = fruit, h = hummingbird nectar, n = nectar source for bees and butterflies, r = rhizomes, s = seeds, t = tubers, w = whole plants as forage). In addition, an “x” designates a plant somewhat to mostly resistant or unpalatable to deer, but beneficial to other wildlife. However, few native plants are toxic or distasteful enough that deer will avoid them completely. Some plants are avoided at certain growth stages or seasons. During stress periods, and where deer numbers are high, even plants normally avoided may be eaten. Therefore, an “x” does not guarantee that the plant will not be damaged by deer under certain conditions. If readers are interested in more information about these plants, they should refer to the individual species accounts via the index, consult the references, or access the Texas Plant Information Database (TPID) Web site (http://tpid.tpwd.state.tx.us/) where extensive data can be obtained. WOODY PLANTS Woody plants characterize the natural vegetation of the East Texas ecological region. The basic groups are trees, shrubs, and vines, each of which includes deciduous, evergreen, upland, and bottomland species. There is much variety within these vegetation associations (vegetation types). These include upland forests, bottomland forests, pine forests, deciduous forests, mixed forests (pines and hardwoods), pine and hardwood savannahs, riverine (riparian) zones, swamps, bayous, sloughs, and oxbow lakes. TREES Trees provide three distinct layers, strata, or galleries in the canopy (low, medium, and high). Some animals spend the majority of their lives in a single layer, while others may range over two or more layers. Unlike other types of vegetation, mature long-lived hardwood trees develop natural cavities, hollows, and loose bark that provide shelter and nest and den sites for many kinds of animals. Tree trunks are used by specialized birds such as woodpeckers, nuthatches, and the Brown Creeper (Certhia americana). Woodpeckers are especially important since their excavated cavities are also used by many other animals. Trees also provide attachment for climbing vines that add to the variety of canopy layers. Evergreen trees are important for escape cover and winter shelter. Dead trees and large limbs (snags) should not be removed unless they pose a potential hazard. They provide important perches, and woodpeckers use the resonant qualities of deadwood for drumming—a communication technique used to indicate territorial boundaries and to attract mates. Downed decaying trees provide shelter and reproductive sites for a wide variety of invertebrates and vertebrates. Their eventual decay returns valuable nutrients to the soil. Diversity of tree species produces a variety of insects and fruits available throughout the year. Oaks should include species of both the white oak and red oak groups. White oaks bear acorns that develop and mature at the end of one growing season, whereas acorns of red oaks mature at the end of 2 growing seasons. White oak acorns are “perishable” since they have “rapid-response” generation, i.e., ripen, fall, and sprout in the autumn. In contrast, red oak acorns are “storable” since they have “delayed-response” germination, i.e., ripen and fall in autumn, but do not sprout until spring. Some oaks bear large crops annually; but, most acorn crops are cyclic, heavy crops being produced about 1–2, 1–5, 2–3, 2–4, 3–4, 3–5, 4–6, and 4–10 years depending upon the species. Thus, a variety of species within and between the two oak groups insures some availability of acorns.
NATIVE PLANTS IMPORTANT TO WILDLIFE IN EAST TEXAS/APPENDIX NINETEEN 1275 SCIENTIFIC NAME WILDLIFE USE COMMON NAME Acer negundo BOX-ELDER Acer rubrum *b,f MAPLE, RED Alnus serrulata ALDER, HAZEL Aralia spinosa HERCULES’-CLUB; DEVIL’S WALKINGSTICK Betula nigra BIRCH, RIVER Carpinus caroliniana HORNBEAM, AMERICAN; BLUE-BEECH Carya alba *b,f HICKORY, MOCKERNUT Carya aquatica *b,f HICKORY, WATER; PECAN, BITTER Carya cordiformis *b,f BITTER-NUT Carya illinoinensis *b,f PECAN Carya ovata *b,f HICKORY, SHAGBARK Carya texana *b,f HICKORY, BLACK Castanea pumila CHINQUAPIN, ASHE Celtis laevigata *b,f SUGARBERRY; HACKBERRY, SUGAR Chionanthus virginicus *b FRINGETREE, WHITE Cornus drummondii *b,f DOGWOOD, ROUGH-LEAF Cornus florida *b,f DOGWOOD, FLOWERING Diospyros virginiana *b,f,x PERSIMMON, COMMON Fagus grandifolia BEECH, AMERICAN Forestiera acuminata SWAMP-PRIVET Fraxinus americana *b ASH, WHITE Fraxinus caroliniana ASH, CAROLINA Fraxinus pennsylvanica ASH, GREEN Gleditsia aquatica HONEY-LOCUST, WATER Gleditsia triacanthos *b HONEY-LOCUST, COMMON Ilex opaca *f,x HOLLY, AMERICAN Juglans nigra *f WALNUT, BLACK Juniperus virginiana *f,x RED-CEDAR, EASTERN Liquidambar styraciflua *s,x SWEETGUM Maclura pomifera OSAGE-ORANGE; HORSE-APPLE; BOIS D’ARC Magnolia grandiflora *s,n,x MAGNOLIA, SOUTHERN Morus rubra *b,f MULBERRY, RED Nyssa aquatica TUPELO, WATER Nyssa sylvatica *f,b,n BLACK-GUM Ostrya virginiana IRONWOOD; HOP-HORNBEAM, EASTERN Persea borbonia *b BAY, RED Pinus echinata *s,x PINE, SHORTLEAF Pinus palustris *s,x PINE, LONGLEAF Pinus taeda *s,x PINE, LOBLOLLY Planera aquatica WATER-ELM Platanus occidentalis SYCAMORE, AMERICAN Populus deltoides COTTONWOOD, EASTERN Prunus mexicana *b,f,n PLUM, WILD; MEXICAN Prunus serotina *b,f,x BLACKCHERRY White Oak Group: Quercus alba *b,f OAK, WHITE Quercus lyrata *f OAK, OVERCUP Quercus macrocarpa *b,f OAK, BUR Quercus michauxii *f OAK, SWAMP CHESTNUT Quercus muehlenbergii *b,f OAK, CHINQAPIN
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REF. CODE ILLUSTRATION SOURCES APPE
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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SUBCLASS COMMELINIDAE Flowers small
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ANGIOSPERMS (DICOTS CONTINUED) Orde
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERI
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION-APG/APPEND
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(continuation of Aveneae) Phalaris
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TAXONOMY, CLASSIFICATION, AND THE D
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FLORAS: EVOLUTIONARY TAXONOMY OR PH
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APPENDIX SEVEN CHANGES IN THE SCIEN
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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Austin College Herbarium, Sherman,
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University of Texas at Austin Herba
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT 1 Ge
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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LIST OF TEXAS ENDEMICS OCCURRING IN
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Ditaxis simulans (J.W. Ingram) Radc
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APPENDIX TWELVE SPECIES OF PTERIDOP
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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1324 APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE/COMMERCIAL
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APPENDIX TWENTY-TWO LIST OF SELECTE
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1344 APPENDIX TWENTY-TWO/INTERNET A
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APPENDIX TWENTY-THREE STATE BOTANIC
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APPENDIX TWENTY-FOUR ELRAY S. NIXON
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1356 APPENDIX TWENTY-FOUR/ELRAY S.
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1358 APPENDIX TWENTY-FIVE/LYNN R. L
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1360 GLOSSARY/AMENT-ARIL AMENT (= C
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1362 GLOSSARY/ARILLATE-BISECTED ARI
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1364 GLOSSARY/BISERIATE-CAPITULUM B
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1366 GLOSSARY/CAPSULAR-COARCTATE CA
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1368 GLOSSARY/COB-CORONA COB Rachis
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1370 GLOSSARY/CORONIFORM SCALES-DEC
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1372 GLOSSARY/DEFLEXED-DOCTRINE OF
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1374 GLOSSARY/EROSE-FISSURED egrota
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A 1376 GLOSSARY/GLOCHID-HETEROCARPO
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1378 GLOSSARY/INDETERMINATE-LACTIFE
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A 1380 GLOSSARY/M-MULTIFLOROUS M M
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1382 GLOSSARY/OLIGO-PEDUNCULAR prim
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1384 GLOSSARY/PINNIPALMATE-PSEUDOAN
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1386 GLOSSARY/RESUPINATE-SCAPOSE RE
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1388 GLOSSARY/SILIQUE-STAMINATE of
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1390 GLOSSARY/SUPINE-THYRSE at or u
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A 1392 GLOSSARY/UNIFOLIATE-WORT UNI
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