Appendices & Glossary - Botanical Research Institute of Texas

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APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF EAST TEXAS No wonder the hotel was empty, the bank closed, the stores out of business: for on the other side of the railroad, down by the wide pond that once held beautiful, fine-grained logs of longleaf pine, the big sawmill that for twenty years had been the pulsing heart of this town was already sagging on its foundations, its boilers dead, its deck stripped of all removable machinery. Within the town grass was beginning to grow in the middle of every street, and broken window lights bespoke deserted houses. In county after county across the South the pinewoods have passed away. Their villages are Nameless Towns, their monuments huge piles of saw dust, their epitaph: “The mill cut out.” —R.D. Forbes, 1923 (from Sitton & Conrad 1989) East Texas is truly a transformed land. Commercial lumbering began in the early 1800s with only a few isolated mills harvesting lumber for such uses as boat building, barrel staves, and shingles. In the late 1880s, commercial lumbering exploded in East Texas due to an abundance of huge, highly valuable longleaf pines, relatively cheap land prices, homesteading, and particularly, the opening of the area to railroads. By 1917, old-growth pine stands were rare, and by 1930, virtually nonexistent. In the first 50 years of major commercial pine lumbering, an entire ecosystem was transformed. Early lumber harvesting in East Texas was perhaps the most incredible and ecologically devastating commercial enterprise ever undertaken in the state. For many decades, there were virtually no resource management strategies or sustainable harvesting practices, though some early voices (e.g., W. Goodrich Jones—the “father of Texas forestry”), called for reforestation and planned-cutting. Lumbering was purely an “extractive industry,” much like mining. Historical information and photographs of early Texas forests and lumbering can be found in the introduction of this volume beginning on pages 80 and 183. Today, things are very different. Modern lumber companies still have an impact in the Pineywoods, but their methods are, for the most part, scientifically based and sustainable. The remaining large lumber companies in Texas (e.g., Temple-Inland) are active in researching and implementing new methods that will increase productivity without sacrificing the ecosystem or the ability to regrow trees on their lands. Further, the National Forests in East Texas are managed based on a Land Management Plan that limits clearcuts to 40 acres and requires loggers to leave stumps and slash (tree tops and limbs) to decay on-site, thus recycling nutrients to the soil. While private landowners can log in any way they deem fit, and examples of short-sighted methods are still frequently seen, the Texas Forest Service and the Texas Forestry Association encourage responsible logging, and in general, the situation is significantly improved. The vast areas of Texas once inhabited by longleaf and shortleaf pines are now largely farms, cities, roads, and loblolly pine plantations. Most early lumbering was softwood-specific, so a few old-growth and significant amounts of second- or third-growth hardwoods remain. These hardwoods are coming under increasing pressure as their bottomland habitats are destroyed (e.g., water impoundment projects) and because they are becoming more and more valuable commercially as new uses for them are found. Since most hardwoods grow more slowly than pines, their harvesting needs to be carefully managed and monitored.
COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF EAST TEXAS/APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE 1303 The Texas Forest Service, part of the Texas A&M University System, is active in many kinds of forestry research. Its mission is to provide statewide leadership to assure the state’s forests, trees, and related natural resources are wisely used, nurtured, protected and perpetuated for the benefit of all Texans. This appendix is intended to provide information on some of the commercially most important timber trees in East Texas. The information includes descriptions, range and habitat data, historical and current uses of the wood of each species, and other significant information. Nineteen tree species, listed in the table below, are included in this appendix. They represent the majority of current timber production and/or possess a great deal of historical significance. Acer rubrum RED MAPLE Carya tomentosa MOCKERNUT HICKORY Celtis laevigata HACKBERRY Fraxinus pennsylvanica GREEN ASH Juglans nigra BLACK WALNUT Liquidambar styraciflua SWEETGUM Nyssa sylvatica BLACK TUPELO Pinus echinata SHORTLEAF PINE Pinus palustris LONGLEAF PINE Pinus taeda LOBLOLLY PINE Platanus occidentalis AMERICAN SYCAMORE Quercus alba WHITE OAK Quercus falcata SOUTHERN RED OAK Quercus nigra WATER OAK Quercus phellos WILLOW OAK Quercus shumardii SHUMARD’S OAK Quercus stellata POST OAK Taxodium distichum BALD-CYPRESS Ulmus americana AMERICAN ELM In addition to original observations and measurements, material for this appendix was obtained from a variety of sources listed in the literature cited. Of particular assistance were the following: Hough 1898; Sargent 1922; Peattie 1948; Kingsbury 1964; Walker 1975; Elias 1980; Little 1980; Paushin & deZeeuw 1980; Stalter 1981; Simpson 1988; Stahle et al. 1988; Cox & Leslie 1991; Zhicheng 1992; Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993, 1997; Appel & Billings 1995; Desch & Dinwoodie 1996; Stahle 1996a; Kaul 1997; Nesom 1998; Sitton & Conrad 1998; Burnham & Graham 1999; Diggs et al. 1999; Graham 1999; Burrows & Tyrl 2001; Boyer et al. 2003; Natural Source 2005a, 2005b; Texas Forest Service 2005; Glenn Donnahoe, pers. comm.
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REF. CODE ILLUSTRATION SOURCES APPE
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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SUBCLASS COMMELINIDAE Flowers small
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ANGIOSPERMS (DICOTS CONTINUED) Orde
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERI
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION-APG/APPEND
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(continuation of Aveneae) Phalaris
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TAXONOMY, CLASSIFICATION, AND THE D
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FLORAS: EVOLUTIONARY TAXONOMY OR PH
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APPENDIX SEVEN CHANGES IN THE SCIEN
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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Austin College Herbarium, Sherman,
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University of Texas at Austin Herba
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT 1 Ge
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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LIST OF TEXAS ENDEMICS OCCURRING IN
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Ditaxis simulans (J.W. Ingram) Radc
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APPENDIX TWELVE SPECIES OF PTERIDOP
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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APRIVATE LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGAN
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APPENDIX FOURTEEN BOOKS FOR THE STU
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BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE
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BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE
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APPENDIX FIFTEEN A SUGGESTED LIST O
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TREES (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SUG
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TREES (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SUG
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SHRUBS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SU
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WILDFLOWERS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLAN
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WILDFLOWERS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLAN
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1244 APPENDIX SIXTEEN/NON-NATIVE PL
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APPENDIX TWENTY-THREE STATE BOTANIC
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APPENDIX TWENTY-FOUR ELRAY S. NIXON
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1356 APPENDIX TWENTY-FOUR/ELRAY S.
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1358 APPENDIX TWENTY-FIVE/LYNN R. L
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1360 GLOSSARY/AMENT-ARIL AMENT (= C
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1362 GLOSSARY/ARILLATE-BISECTED ARI
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1364 GLOSSARY/BISERIATE-CAPITULUM B
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1366 GLOSSARY/CAPSULAR-COARCTATE CA
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1368 GLOSSARY/COB-CORONA COB Rachis
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1370 GLOSSARY/CORONIFORM SCALES-DEC
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1372 GLOSSARY/DEFLEXED-DOCTRINE OF
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1374 GLOSSARY/EROSE-FISSURED egrota
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A 1376 GLOSSARY/GLOCHID-HETEROCARPO
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1378 GLOSSARY/INDETERMINATE-LACTIFE
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A 1380 GLOSSARY/M-MULTIFLOROUS M M
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1382 GLOSSARY/OLIGO-PEDUNCULAR prim
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1384 GLOSSARY/PINNIPALMATE-PSEUDOAN
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1386 GLOSSARY/RESUPINATE-SCAPOSE RE
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1388 GLOSSARY/SILIQUE-STAMINATE of
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1390 GLOSSARY/SUPINE-THYRSE at or u
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A 1392 GLOSSARY/UNIFOLIATE-WORT UNI
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