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1318 APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE/COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF EAST TEXAS PINUS ECHINATA Mill. SHORTLEAF PINE (PINACEAE, PINE FAMILY) Other Common Names: SHORTLEAF YELLOW PINE, LONGTAG PINE, SHORTSTRAW PINE, ARKANSAS PINE, ARKANSAS SOFT PINE, SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE, OLDFIELD PINE Form and Size: tall tree to 25–40 m; trunk to 1.2 m in diameter; crown rounded to cone-shaped. Leaves: needles 2(–3) per bundle, (5–)7–11(–13) cm long, yellowish-green to gray-green; bundle sheath 0.5–1(–1.5) cm long. Buds: terminal buds 0.5–0.7(–1) cm long, ovoid to cylindrical, red-brown. Seed Cones: solitary or clustered, 4–6(–7) cm long, red-brown, aging gray, nearly sessile or on stalks to 1 cm, the scales with an elongate to short, stout, sharp prickle, maturing in two years. Pollen Cones: cylindrical, 15–20 mm long at time of pollen release, yellow to pale purple-green. Bark: on older stems red-brown, 2–2.8 cm thick, furrowed, and separated into irregular, flat, scaly plates, with evident resin pockets. Wood: sapwood nearly white to yellowish, orange-white or pale yellow, thin to very thick; heartwood distinct, ranging through shades of yellow and orange to red-brown or light brown, resinous; grain coarse and generally straight but uneven; wood with a distinct resinous odor. Habitat: uplands and dry forests, often on abandoned fields or exhausted farmland; adaptable in terms of site and soil conditions. Range: Pineywoods and Post Oak Savannah as far west as Brazos, Leon, Henderson, Red River, and Lamar cos. and spreading from cultivation in Fannin Co. in Red River drainage; most prevalent in the northeastern part of East Texas, extending into the southeastern areas of higher moisture along deep sand ridges; this species has the widest range of any Pinus in the southeastern U.S. growing from NY s to FL w to OK and TX. Principal Uses: pulpwood (converted for use in the manufacture of kraft paper, insulation, and other types of fiberboard), plywood and lumber (used principally for such building materials as interior finish, frame and sash, joists, and subflooring), particle board, poles, railroad ties, crates and pallets, boxes. Historical Uses: used from the early days of colonization as a wood for ship construction (e.g., masts, spars, decks, cabins), mine timbers, cooperage (barrels), agricultural implements, tanks and silos, and railroad-car construction. Resinous splinters of the heartwood were widely used as kindling and known as “fat pine,” “lightwood,” or “light’d.” Other Significant Information: this is the most cold hardy of all the southern pines. Though highly valued for timber and pulpwood, it is afflicted by root rot. It also tends to grow relatively slowly during the early years after establishment. Mixed forests containing this species are frequently replaced by monoculture plantations of P. taeda (LOBLOLLY PINE). Pinus echinata hybridizes with P. taeda. Recognition in the Field: needles 2(–3) per bundle, (5–)7–11(–13) cm long, yellowish-green to gray-green; terminal buds red-brown, 0.5–0.7(–1) cm long; seed cones 4–6(–7) cm long (the smallest of any East Texas pine).
COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF EAST TEXAS/APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE 1319 SEEDLING LEAVES LEAVES AND SEED CONE WOOD BARK PINUS ECHINATA
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REF. CODE ILLUSTRATION SOURCES APPE
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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SUBCLASS COMMELINIDAE Flowers small
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ANGIOSPERMS (DICOTS CONTINUED) Orde
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERI
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION-APG/APPEND
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(continuation of Aveneae) Phalaris
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TAXONOMY, CLASSIFICATION, AND THE D
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FLORAS: EVOLUTIONARY TAXONOMY OR PH
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APPENDIX SEVEN CHANGES IN THE SCIEN
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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Austin College Herbarium, Sherman,
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University of Texas at Austin Herba
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT 1 Ge
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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LIST OF TEXAS ENDEMICS OCCURRING IN
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Ditaxis simulans (J.W. Ingram) Radc
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APPENDIX TWELVE SPECIES OF PTERIDOP
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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APRIVATE LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGAN
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APPENDIX FOURTEEN BOOKS FOR THE STU
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BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE
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BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE
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APPENDIX FIFTEEN A SUGGESTED LIST O
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TREES (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SUG
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TREES (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SUG
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SHRUBS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SU
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WILDFLOWERS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLAN
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WILDFLOWERS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLAN
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1244 APPENDIX SIXTEEN/NON-NATIVE PL
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APPENDIX SEVENTEEN A SUGGESTED LIST
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1266 APPENDIX SEVENTEEN/NATIVE PLAN
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1368 GLOSSARY/COB-CORONA COB Rachis
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1370 GLOSSARY/CORONIFORM SCALES-DEC
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1372 GLOSSARY/DEFLEXED-DOCTRINE OF
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1374 GLOSSARY/EROSE-FISSURED egrota
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A 1376 GLOSSARY/GLOCHID-HETEROCARPO
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1378 GLOSSARY/INDETERMINATE-LACTIFE
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A 1380 GLOSSARY/M-MULTIFLOROUS M M
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1382 GLOSSARY/OLIGO-PEDUNCULAR prim
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1384 GLOSSARY/PINNIPALMATE-PSEUDOAN
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1386 GLOSSARY/RESUPINATE-SCAPOSE RE
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1388 GLOSSARY/SILIQUE-STAMINATE of
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1390 GLOSSARY/SUPINE-THYRSE at or u
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A 1392 GLOSSARY/UNIFOLIATE-WORT UNI
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