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1334 APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE/COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF EAST TEXAS QUERCUS SHUMARDII Buckley SHUMARD’S OAK (FAGACEAE, BEECH OR OAK FAMILY) Other Common Names: SHUMARD’S RED OAK, RED OAK, SWAMP RED OAK, SPOTTED OAK Form and Size: medium to tall tree to 35 m; trunk tall, straight, to 1.6 m in diameter; crown broad, open and rounded. Leaves: deciduous, simple, alternate, the blades 10–20 cm long, 6–15 cm wide, dark green, shiny and glabrous above, the lower surface pale green, with tufts of hairs in junctions of the main veins, turning red to orange-red or yellow to brown in autumn, basally usually obtuse to truncate, apically acute, marginally with 5–9 lobes and numerous bristle tips, the terminal lobe not much larger than the laterals, the lobes oblong or expanded distally; petioles 2–6 cm long. Buds: 4–6(–8) mm long (terminal), gray to grayish-brown, ovoid or broadly ellipsoid, glabrous. Flowers: unisexual, male and female flowers occurring separately on the same tree (plants monoecious), individually tiny and inconspicuous; male flowers numerous in slender dangling catkins, 8–18 cm long; female flowers solitary, paired, or few-clustered, in leaf axils. Fruits: acorns, solitary or in pairs, maturing in 2 seasons; cup covering 1/4–1/3 of nut; nut ovoid to oblong, 14–30 mm long, 10–20 mm wide. Bark: gray-brown to dark brown, smooth at first, developing shallow furrows with small, tight, interlacing ridges. Wood: hard, heavy, strong, and straight-grained, the heartwood red-tinged to light-brown, the sapwood paler and thin; superior to that of many other red oak species. Habitat: moist but often well-drained soils, stream bottoms, terraces, moist forests, drainage ways, and poorly drained uplands; the species is tolerant of high pH. Range: Pineywoods west throughout East Texas and west to the Cross Timbers and Prairies; widespread in the southeastern U.S. west to KS and TX and also north in the Mississippi River Valley. Principal Uses: furniture, flooring, veneer, interior finishes, cabinets, general construction, pallets, railroad ties, and firewood; often not distinguished from other red oaks. Historical Uses: likely similar to present uses. Other Significant Information: this is an important ornamental and shade tree, often developing beautiful red foliage in autumn. Quercus shumardii and the similar Q. buckleyi (occurring mainly from the Eastern Cross Timbers westward) hybridize along a narrow zone of overlap from the Cooke and Grayson County area near the Red River south to the vicinity of San Antonio (Bexar Co.). To the west of this hybrid zone “pure” individuals of Q. buckleyi can be found, while to the east “pure” Q. shumardii occurs. In the hybrid zone, specific determination is often not possible. Quercus shummardii is here treated as including var. schneckii (Britt.) Sarg., which differs in having more deeply rounded cups covering ca. 1/3 of the nut (vs. shallow cups covering ca. 1/4 of the cup). Quercus shumardii also hybridizes with a number of other related species including Q. falcata (SOUTHERN RED OAK), Q. laurifolia (LAUREL OAK), Q. marilandica (BLACKJACK OAK), Q. nigra (WATER OAK), Q. phellos (WILLOW OAK), and Q. velutina (BLACK OAK). Numerous Texas oaks, including Q. shumardii, are being killed by oak wilt, caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) J. Hunt. Live oaks and members of the red oak group (inculding Q. shummardii) are most susceptible. In the most susceptible red oaks, death can occur in a matter of weeks after initial symptoms are noted. Transmission seems to occur by root grafts and in some cases by insects (beetles). Appel and Billings (1995) gave detailed information on this disease. SHUMARD’S OAK exhibits “mast fruiting,” a type of cyclical fruiting with years of heavy fruit production occurring irregularly (see also Q. stellata). The acorns are nevertheless an important wildlife food. Recognition in the Field: leaves simple, alternate, deeply lobed, the terminal lobe not much larger than laterals, with the main lobes divided into several lobes, with main veins exserted as bristle tips; fruit an acorn with cup covering 1/3 of nut or less; terminal buds 4–6(–8) mm long, glabrous.
WOOD COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF EAST TEXAS/APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE 1335 FRUITS LEAVES AND FRUITS BARK QUERCUS SHUMARDII
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REF. CODE ILLUSTRATION SOURCES APPE
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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SUBCLASS COMMELINIDAE Flowers small
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ANGIOSPERMS (DICOTS CONTINUED) Orde
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERI
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION-APG/APPEND
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(continuation of Aveneae) Phalaris
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TAXONOMY, CLASSIFICATION, AND THE D
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FLORAS: EVOLUTIONARY TAXONOMY OR PH
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APPENDIX SEVEN CHANGES IN THE SCIEN
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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Austin College Herbarium, Sherman,
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University of Texas at Austin Herba
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT 1 Ge
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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LIST OF TEXAS ENDEMICS OCCURRING IN
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Ditaxis simulans (J.W. Ingram) Radc
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APPENDIX TWELVE SPECIES OF PTERIDOP
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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APRIVATE LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGAN
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APPENDIX FOURTEEN BOOKS FOR THE STU
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BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE
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BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE
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APPENDIX FIFTEEN A SUGGESTED LIST O
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TREES (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SUG
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TREES (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SUG
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SHRUBS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SU
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WILDFLOWERS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLAN
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WILDFLOWERS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLAN
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1244 APPENDIX SIXTEEN/NON-NATIVE PL
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APPENDIX SEVENTEEN A SUGGESTED LIST
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1266 APPENDIX SEVENTEEN/NATIVE PLAN
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1268 APPENDIX SEVENTEEN/NATIVE PLAN
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APPENDIX EIGHTEEN LIST OF SOURCES F
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1272 APPENDIX EIGHTEEN/SOURCES FOR
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1274 APPENDIX NINETEEN/NATIVE PLANT
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1384 GLOSSARY/PINNIPALMATE-PSEUDOAN
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1386 GLOSSARY/RESUPINATE-SCAPOSE RE
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1388 GLOSSARY/SILIQUE-STAMINATE of
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1390 GLOSSARY/SUPINE-THYRSE at or u
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A 1392 GLOSSARY/UNIFOLIATE-WORT UNI
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