Appendices & Glossary - Botanical Research Institute of Texas

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1338 APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE/COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF EAST TEXAS TAXODIUM DISTICHUM (L.) Rich. BALD-CYPRESS (CUPRESSACEAE, CYPRESS OR REDWOOD FAMILY) Other Common Names: SOUTHERN BALD-CYPRESS, SOUTHERN-CYPRESS, SWAMP-CYPRESS, RED-CYPRESS, WHITE-CYPRESS, YEL- LOW-CYPRESS, GULF-CYPRESS, TIDEWATER RED-CYPRESS. Form and Size: medium to large tree to 40(–50) m; crown sharply pointed on young trees, becoming broad and rounded or nearly flat-topped; trunk gradually tapering, usually to 1.5 m, rarely to 4 m in diameter, often with a strongly enlarged buttressed base, and if growing in or near water, the tree will have several conspicuous, cone-shaped “knees” produced by the roots and extending above the surface. Leaves: deciduous (shed with deciduous twiglets), small, 2-ranked, linear to linear-lanceolate, flat, 5–17 mm long, laterally divergent, the free portion contracted and twisted basally, without an abaxial resin gland. Buds: rounded, 2–4 mm in diameter, with several closely overlapping, pale brown scales. Seed Cones: hanging, singly or 2–3 together, rounded to pear-shaped, to ca. 25(–40) mm in diameter, wrinkled and becoming woody, green turning brown or brownish purple at maturity; cone scales somewhat peltate (= shield-shaped), closely fitting one against another, with 2 seeds per scale; seeds irregularly 3-angled, 8–10 mm long, brown, with 3 narrow wings. Pollen Cones: in dangling panicles usually 10–14 cm long. Bark: moderately thin, light reddish-brown to light brown, with shallow furrows dividing the broad, flat ridges that sometimes separate into thin, fibrous scales. Wood: sapwood pale yellowish white, merging more or less gradually into the heartwood; heartwood quite variable in color, ranging from yellowish to light or dark brown, reddish brown, or almost blackish; wood with a greasy feel (especially along the grain), often with a rancid odor (light colored wood sometimes odorless); grain generally straight and even or uneven, coarse textured; growth rings distinct. Habitat: rivers, lake margins, and swamps, occasionally in slightly brackish water; saturated and seasonally inundated soils; the species is among the most tolerant of saturated soils with poor aeration. Though often seen growing in relatively shallow water considerable distances from the shore of lakes, seeds of the species will germinate only on moist but unflooded soil. Range: Pineywoods and Post Oak Savannah west to Red River, Upshur, Brazos (possibly native), and Robertson cos. and southwestern portion of East Texas in Bexar, Bastrop, Bell, Comal, Hays, and Travis cos.; also Gulf Prairies and Marshes and eastern Edwards Plateau; primarily southeastern U.S. from DE s to FL west to OK and TX and up the Mississippi drainage to IL and IN. Principal Uses: BALD-CYPRESS has one of the most variable woods in the U.S. in many respects, so major uses depend on the particular grade (particularly whether sapwood or heartwood). Most of the major uses rely on the wood’s decay resistance and durability (particularly of old-growth wood) when exposed to conditions favorable to decay (e.g., the name “the wood eternal”). Such uses include siding, beams, posts, pilings, timbers in docks and bridges, and coffins. The wood is also used for millwork (doors, sash, and blinds, interior trim, and paneling), kitchen cabinets, shingles, boxes, and crates. BALD-CYPRESS is additionally used for railroad ties. High quality old-growth bald-cypress has, for commercial purposes, been exhausted. Historical Uses: tanks, vats, silos, containers for corrosive chemicals, laundry appliances, greenhouses, ship- and boatbuilding, stadium seats, shingles, cooperage (barrels). Other Significant Information: BALD-CYPRESS has been growing in popularity as an ornamental tree for parks, large lawns, and urban settings. While extremely tolerant of flooding (and thus dominant in some East Texas habitats), the species does well in cultivation in upland situations and is reasonably drought tolerant (in natural settings it cannot compete with hardwoods in uplands). At one time there were large numbers of huge, old BALD-CYPRESSES in East Texas, but because of the value of the wood, almost all were cut for timber. A very few impressive, extremely old individuals escaped destruction and can still be seen in the Big Thicket National Preserve. Fortunately, second or third growth tracts do occur in state and federal parklands, forests, and preserves in Texas, especially in the Big Thicket National Preserve and at Caddo Lake. This species is extremely long-lived and individuals up to nearly 1,700 years old have been discovered in North Carolina, making it the longest lived tree species in eastern North America. While there have been various suggestions, the function or functions of the “knees” remains unclear. All trees in East TX are var. distichum. Two other varieties are known: Taxodium distichum var. imbricatum (Nutt.) Croom, POND-CYPRESS, native in the southeastern U.S. west as far as eastern Louisiana and Taxodium distichum var. mexicanum Gordon, MEXICAN or MONTEZUMA BALD- CYPRESS, which extends as far north as southern Texas. The seeds were an important food for the now extinct Carolina parakeet. Recognition in the Field: typically swollen-based trees of wet habitats with nearly globose, plum-sized, woody cones, and when growing in or near water with distinctive “knees” (erect woody projections) from the roots; also with alternate, linear, flat leaves, and deciduous twiglets (and thus leaves which are borne on the twiglets).
WOOD COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF EAST TEXAS/APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE 1339 FALL LEAVES “KNEES” HABIT SEED CONE LEAVES TAXODIUM DISTICHUM BARK
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REF. CODE ILLUSTRATION SOURCES APPE
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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SUBCLASS COMMELINIDAE Flowers small
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ANGIOSPERMS (DICOTS CONTINUED) Orde
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERI
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION-APG/APPEND
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(continuation of Aveneae) Phalaris
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TAXONOMY, CLASSIFICATION, AND THE D
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FLORAS: EVOLUTIONARY TAXONOMY OR PH
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APPENDIX SEVEN CHANGES IN THE SCIEN
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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Austin College Herbarium, Sherman,
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University of Texas at Austin Herba
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT 1 Ge
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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LIST OF TEXAS ENDEMICS OCCURRING IN
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Ditaxis simulans (J.W. Ingram) Radc
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APPENDIX TWELVE SPECIES OF PTERIDOP
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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APRIVATE LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGAN
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APPENDIX FOURTEEN BOOKS FOR THE STU
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BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE
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BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE
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APPENDIX FIFTEEN A SUGGESTED LIST O
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TREES (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SUG
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TREES (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SUG
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SHRUBS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SU
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WILDFLOWERS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLAN
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WILDFLOWERS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLAN
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1244 APPENDIX SIXTEEN/NON-NATIVE PL
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APPENDIX SEVENTEEN A SUGGESTED LIST
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1266 APPENDIX SEVENTEEN/NATIVE PLAN
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1268 APPENDIX SEVENTEEN/NATIVE PLAN
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APPENDIX EIGHTEEN LIST OF SOURCES F
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1272 APPENDIX EIGHTEEN/SOURCES FOR
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1274 APPENDIX NINETEEN/NATIVE PLANT
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1388 GLOSSARY/SILIQUE-STAMINATE of
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1390 GLOSSARY/SUPINE-THYRSE at or u
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A 1392 GLOSSARY/UNIFOLIATE-WORT UNI
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