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1322 APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE/COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF EAST TEXAS PINUS TAEDA L. LOBLOLLY PINE (PINACEAE, PINE FAMILY) Other Common Names: OLD-FIELD PINE, ROSEMARY PINE, BULL PINE, INDIAN PINE, LONGSTRAW PINE. Form and Size: large tree to 46 m; trunk to 1.6 m in diameter; crown broadly conic to rounded. Leaves: needles almost always 3 per bundle (very rarely 2), (10–)12–18(–23) cm long, deep yellow-green to gray-green, not glossy; bundle sheath 1–2.5 cm long. Buds: terminal buds 1–1.2(–2) cm long, usually less than 1 cm broad, lance-cylindrical, pale red-brown. Seed Cones: solitary or in small clusters, nearly terminal, 6–12 cm long, mostly dull yellow-brown including the apophysis (= exposed, thickened, apical portion of each seed cone scale), sessile to nearly sessile, the scales with a stout-based, sharp prickle, maturing in 2 years. Pollen Cones: cylindrical, 20–40 mm long at time of pollen release, yellow to yellow-brown. Bark: variable, on young trees scaly and nearly black, later with irregular, brownish blocks, or on old trees, red-brown, forming square or irregularly rectangular, scaly plates, without resin pockets. Wood: sapwood nearly white to yellowish or orange-white or pale yellow, thin to very thick, often composing nearly half the trunk; heartwood distinct, ranging through shades of yellow and orange to reddish brown or light brown, weak (less durable than that of P. palustris), brittle, coarse-grained, with resinous odor and distinct growth rings. Habitat: mesic lowlands and swamp borders to dry uplands, in presettlement times largely in association with hardwoods, but now typically in monoculture plantations. Range: native primarily to the Pineywoods with populations as far w as Lamar Co. in the Red River drainage and to Bastrop Co. (“Lost Pines”) further south; cultivated widely, and escaped further west; widespread in the southeastern U.S. from DE south to FL west to OK and TX. Principal Uses: lumber used for interior finish of buildings, general construction, and pulp for paper products. This is the most widely harvested and widely used species of tree in the southern United States. Most general construction lumber available today is LOBLOLLY PINE. It is also the principal softwood used to make paper. This species is the most commercially significant tree in Texas. Historical Uses: bridges, freight cars, barrel shooks, boxes, crating, kindling (light’d knots), and tobacco hogsheads. Other Significant Information: although inferior to P. echinata in hardness, P. taeda is by far the most important timber tree species in Texas and in the southern U.S. as a whole, primarily due to its fast growth rate, with trees attaining heights up to 75 ft. in 30 years—growing at 3.5 ft./yr when young. Commercial planting of this species has transformed much of the East Texas landscape into LOBLOLLY PINE monocultures. In contrast, prior to the coming of Europeans, P. taeda is thought to have rarely occurred in pure stands anywhere in the West Gulf Coastal Plain (LONGLEAF and SHORT- LEAF PINE were much more abundant). Several genetically altered strains of LOBLOLLY PINE now exist which favor even faster growth and are resistant to rust fungi. This pine can be damaged or killed by the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann). From the ecological standpoint, human-induced changes in species composition within forests have created conditions conducive for bark beetle outbreaks. The “Lost Pines,” an area of ca. 70 square miles of loblolly pine-oak woodland isolated approximately 100 miles (162 km) west of the main body of East Texas pines, occurs in Bastrop County; this population is probably the remnant of a more extensive Ice Age forest persisting due to special soil conditions. The common name LOBLOLLY comes from one of the meanings of that word, “mud puddle,” in reference to the sometimes wet habitat of this species. Hybrids are known between P. taeda and both P. echinata and P. palustris. Pinus palustris could be confused with P. elliottii Englem. (SLASH PINE), a species that occurs natively in the southeastern U.S. as far west as eastern LA (but is planted in TX); however, P. elliottii can be distinguished by the following characters: needles 2–3 per bundle, at least some 2, 15–20(–23) cm long, usually dark green and glossy; terminal bud silvery brown, 1.5–2 mm long; apophysis lustrous as if varnished. Recognition in the Field: needles almost always 3 per bundle, (10–)12–18(–23) cm long, deep yellow-green to gray-green, not glossy; terminal bud reddish brown, 1–1.2(–2) cm long, apophysis (= exposed, thickened, apical portion of each seed cone scale) dull.
COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF EAST TEXAS/APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE 1323 LEAVES AND SEED CONES WOOD LEAVES AND POLLEN CONES BARK PINUS TAEDA
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REF. CODE ILLUSTRATION SOURCES APPE
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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SUBCLASS COMMELINIDAE Flowers small
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ANGIOSPERMS (DICOTS CONTINUED) Orde
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERI
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION-APG/APPEND
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(continuation of Aveneae) Phalaris
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TAXONOMY, CLASSIFICATION, AND THE D
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FLORAS: EVOLUTIONARY TAXONOMY OR PH
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APPENDIX SEVEN CHANGES IN THE SCIEN
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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Austin College Herbarium, Sherman,
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University of Texas at Austin Herba
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT 1 Ge
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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LIST OF TEXAS ENDEMICS OCCURRING IN
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Ditaxis simulans (J.W. Ingram) Radc
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APPENDIX TWELVE SPECIES OF PTERIDOP
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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APRIVATE LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGAN
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APPENDIX FOURTEEN BOOKS FOR THE STU
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BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE
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BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE
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APPENDIX FIFTEEN A SUGGESTED LIST O
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TREES (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SUG
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TREES (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SUG
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SHRUBS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SU
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WILDFLOWERS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLAN
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WILDFLOWERS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLAN
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1244 APPENDIX SIXTEEN/NON-NATIVE PL
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APPENDIX SEVENTEEN A SUGGESTED LIST
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1266 APPENDIX SEVENTEEN/NATIVE PLAN
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1268 APPENDIX SEVENTEEN/NATIVE PLAN
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APPENDIX EIGHTEEN LIST OF SOURCES F
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1372 GLOSSARY/DEFLEXED-DOCTRINE OF
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1374 GLOSSARY/EROSE-FISSURED egrota
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A 1376 GLOSSARY/GLOCHID-HETEROCARPO
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1378 GLOSSARY/INDETERMINATE-LACTIFE
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A 1380 GLOSSARY/M-MULTIFLOROUS M M
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1382 GLOSSARY/OLIGO-PEDUNCULAR prim
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1384 GLOSSARY/PINNIPALMATE-PSEUDOAN
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1386 GLOSSARY/RESUPINATE-SCAPOSE RE
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1388 GLOSSARY/SILIQUE-STAMINATE of
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1390 GLOSSARY/SUPINE-THYRSE at or u
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A 1392 GLOSSARY/UNIFOLIATE-WORT UNI
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