Appendices & Glossary - Botanical Research Institute of Texas

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1198 APPENDIX EIGHT/COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS quickly from the press will result in wrinkling or possibly molding. Likewise, leaving plants in a heated press for too long a period will cause damage (e.g., browning or fading of colors). A good rule of thumb is that most plants are dry after one or two days in a forced-air, heated press while five to ten days is typical for plants in a press without any heat source. The press should be tightened daily to prevent wrinkling. Also, it is often good to change damp blotters daily. MAKING A LABEL Just as important as the plant specimen itself is a properly done label. All data needed to make the label should be written down in a small notebook or “field book” at the time the plant is collected (see e.g., Simpson 1997). Of crucial importance is accurate location data so that the site can be relocated by a stranger in the future. Most important are the state and county; detailed location information such as landmarks, accurate distances, nearby towns or cities, adjacent streams, rivers, and lakes, or any other data to help relocate the site also should be recorded. Other important information includes habitat (e.g., field, forest, weedy roadside, shallow water, soil type, whether the plant is growing in shade or sun), associated plants, collector, collection number, the date the plant was collected, and who was with the collector (these individuals could possibly help in the relocation of the site). The date should be given as, for example, 8 May 1996 because 08/05/96 usually means 5 August 1996 in the United States and 8 May 1996 in Europe. It is also very important to record information that will be not be obvious from the specimen (e.g., size or height of plant, in the case of trees diameter-at-breast-height— DBH, appearance of the bark, manner of growth—erect, climbing, prostrate, etc., were the flowers closed at a certain time of the day, pollinators observed, etc.) or that may be lost upon drying (flower color, odor, color of sap, presence of stinging hairs, sticky feel due to glandular hairs, etc.). Common names used locally or information on edibility or local uses are also valuable. Latitude and longitude and elevation are particularly valuable for researchers and should be recorded. These can be obtained from standard maps of most areas. However, recent technological advances have made getting such information much easier—inexpensive and accurate Global Positioning System (GPS) units are now readily available and give very accurate information. Specimens with such location data are especially valuable because they can be entered into databases with applications from the local to national levels—in Texas and elsewhere, major database projects are currently underway, and GPS locations on specimens are highly desirable. Because all of the other information discussed above is recorded in the field notebook, only the collection number needs to be put on the fold of newspaper in the press. A unique number should be given to each collection that a botanist makes and these numbers should increase sequentially throughout his or her lifetime. Thus, if Lipscomb 3491 is a collection of Quercus alba, there will never be a different Lipscomb 3491. If two or more specimens of this Quercus alba are collected at the same time and same place by the same collector (such specimens are termed “duplicates”), they are given the same number. Such “duplicates” are often distributed to several herbaria so that there is more than one record of a particular collection. Because herbarium specimens are in essence museum collections that need to last hundreds of years, the labels should be printed on acid-free paper with permanent ink. Do not use “white-out” or other correction techniques that will be lost over time. There is no standard label size, but in general a 4" 4" label should accommodate all necessary information without taking up excessive space on the mounting paper the specimen will ultimately be attached to (such a size will also allow 4 labels to be made from a single 8 1/2" 11" sheet of paper). The examples of labels on the following page contain the appropriate information: PUTTING SPECIMENS IN PERMANENT COLLECTIONS Once a specimen is dried and has an appropriate label, it can be studied or given to an herbarium for permanent storage and use in research and teaching. The proper method of donating specimens is to leave the specimen in the original half-sheet (fold) of newspaper in which it was pressed and insert the label; neither the specimen nor the label should be attached to the newspaper in any way—gluing, stapling, taping, or any other attachment method frequently damages the specimen and sometimes completely destroys its usefulness. Mounting the specimens and labels on museum quality paper for
Austin College Herbarium, Sherman, Texas Plants of TEXAS Cnidoscolus texanus (Müll.Arg.) Small Euphorbiaceae GRAYSON County: Southwestern corner of county, ca. 4 km south of Tioga, just off (east of) Hwy 377, ca. 200 meters from southern edge of eastern arm of Lake Ray Roberts. Open, sandy, weedy field with Cenchrus spinifex and Monarda punctata. Plants herbaceous, ca. 1/2 to 1 m tall, common. Locally known as bull-nettle. Flowers white, sweet-scented; sap milky; foliage with glass-like hairs which break off in the skin and cause an intense burning sensation. 33° 26' 36.1" N 96° 55' 25.8" W (GPS) Elevation: ca. 190 m 24 Sept. 1980 Coll.: Delzie Demaree with Robert Kral No.: 65,967 and Donna Ware COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPENDIX EIGHT 1199 permanent storage and use in the herbarium is done by herbarium personnel properly trained in these techniques—for example, special attachment procedures and long-life (archival) glues are used. There are a number of major herbaria in Texas with the largest including those at the University of Texas in Austin, the Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT) in Fort Worth, and Texas A&M University in College Station. Many other schools or organizations have valuable collections; of particular note in East Texas are the herbaria at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, the Robert A. Vines Science Center in Houston, and Baylor University in Waco. BRIT welcomes the donation of herbarium specimens and botanists there can be contacted at (817) 332-4441 or info@brit.org or Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 509 Pecan Street, Fort Worth, TX 76102-4060. Such specimens will be scientific contributions, will have permanent protection, and will be important resources for the future. GETTING STARTED COLLECTING PLANTS Austin College Herbarium, Sherman, Texas Cnidoscolus texanus (Müll.Arg.) Small Euphorbiaceae Texas, Grayson Co., southwestern corner of county, ca. 4 km south of Tioga, just east of Hwy 377, ca. 200 meters from southern edge of eastern arm of Lake Ray Roberts in open, sandy, weedy field with Cenchrus spinifex and Monarda punctata. Plants herbaceous, ca. 5–10 dm tall, common. Locally known as bull-nettle. Flowers white, sweet-scented; sap milky; foliage with glass-like hairs that break off in the skin and cause an intense burning sensation. 33° 26' 36.1" N 96° 55' 25.8" W (GPS); ca. 190 m 24 Sept. 1980 Coll.: Delzie Demaree 65,967 with Robert Kral and Donna Ware How do you get started collecting plants? Unfortunately, pressing plants between the pages of books is usually not successful because the plants dry too slowly, loose their color, seldom dry flat, and tend to damage the book. Therefore one of the first steps is to make or buy a plant press (including two end boards, corrugated cardboards, blotters, and two straps). A simple press can be made by cutting two 12" 18" pieces out of 3/8" or 1/2" plywood and then rounding the corners and sanding the surfaces to avoid injury from splinters. The 12" 18" size is slightly larger than a folded half-sheet of newspaper and is thus ideal for making the correct size specimens. Other types of end boards can be made out of nearly any reasonably lightweight, sturdy material. Cardboards the same size as the press can be cut
Page 1 and 2: REF. CODE ILLUSTRATION SOURCES APPE
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Page 7 and 8: SUBCLASS COMMELINIDAE Flowers small
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Page 75 and 76: BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE
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APPENDIX SEVENTEEN A SUGGESTED LIST
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APPENDIX EIGHTEEN LIST OF SOURCES F
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1272 APPENDIX EIGHTEEN/SOURCES FOR
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1274 APPENDIX NINETEEN/NATIVE PLANT
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APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE COMMERCIALLY IM
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APPENDIX TWENTY-TWO LIST OF SELECTE
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APPENDIX TWENTY-THREE STATE BOTANIC
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APPENDIX TWENTY-FOUR ELRAY S. NIXON
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1358 APPENDIX TWENTY-FIVE/LYNN R. L
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1360 GLOSSARY/AMENT-ARIL AMENT (= C
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1362 GLOSSARY/ARILLATE-BISECTED ARI
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1364 GLOSSARY/BISERIATE-CAPITULUM B
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1366 GLOSSARY/CAPSULAR-COARCTATE CA
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1368 GLOSSARY/COB-CORONA COB Rachis
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1370 GLOSSARY/CORONIFORM SCALES-DEC
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1372 GLOSSARY/DEFLEXED-DOCTRINE OF
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1374 GLOSSARY/EROSE-FISSURED egrota
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A 1376 GLOSSARY/GLOCHID-HETEROCARPO
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1378 GLOSSARY/INDETERMINATE-LACTIFE
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A 1380 GLOSSARY/M-MULTIFLOROUS M M
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1382 GLOSSARY/OLIGO-PEDUNCULAR prim
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1384 GLOSSARY/PINNIPALMATE-PSEUDOAN
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1386 GLOSSARY/RESUPINATE-SCAPOSE RE
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1388 GLOSSARY/SILIQUE-STAMINATE of
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A 1392 GLOSSARY/UNIFOLIATE-WORT UNI
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AAGESEN, L. and A.M. SANSO. 2003. T
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North American sediments. Pp. 39-70
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CAMPBELL, C.S. 1985. The subfamilie
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SUMMARY DATA ON THE FLORA AND COMPA
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Wilbarger WICHITA FALLS Baylor Arch
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