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1340 APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE/COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF EAST TEXAS ULMUS AMERICANA L. AMERICAN ELM (ULMACAEAE, ELM FAMILY) Other Common Names: WHITE ELM, SOFT ELM, WATER ELM, GRAY ELM, COMMON ELM Form and Size: medium to tall tree, 21–35(–40) m; trunk usually straight, to 1–3+ m in diameter, often soon branching, the branches sharply rising (giving rise to a “vase” shape); crown broadly rounded, sometimes with a weeping appearance. Leaves: deciduous, simple, alternate, the blades 7–12(–14) cm long, mostly 1.5–2 times as long as wide, rounded and asymmetrical at base, apically tapering abruptly to a point, dark green, glabrous and smooth or slightly scabrous above, paler and glabrous to densely soft-pubescent beneath, marginally usually doubly serrate; petiole ca. 5 mm, glabrous to pubescent. Buds: 4–6 mm long, broadest at the base and tapering to a sharp point, covered with tiny, reddish-brown, slightly hairy scales. Flowers: bisexual (perfect), in fascicles of 3–4 produced on long (1–2 cm), slender, drooping, pedicels; petals absent; calyx slightly asymmetric, with 7–9 shallow lobes, the margins ciliate; stamens 7–9, the anthers red; pistil 1. Fruits: in loose fascicles, drooping on elongate pedicels, dry, flattened, elliptic to ovate samaras ca. 1 cm long, the surfaces glabrous but ciliate marginally. Bark: thick, ash-gray to grayish-brown, with deep somewhat irregular and intersecting furrows that separate the broad flat ridges/plates, the ridges composed of thin, closely pressed scales. Wood: sapwood grayish white to light brown; heartwood thick, light brown to brown, frequently with a reddish tinge; wood with grain typically interlocked; growth rings distinct. Habitat: bottomlands, floodplains, terraces, deciduous woodlands, fencerows, generally in areas with significant moisture. Range: widespread in Texas except for the extreme south and extreme northwest; widespread in the eastern U.S. and southern Canada w to MT and TX. Principal Uses: boxes, crates, paneling, flooring; because of its good bending qualities it is used for the arching or curved parts of furniture; the interlocking grain makes it difficult to split (and thus useful for items like hockey sticks); because of the decline of this species due to Dutch Elm Disease, AMERICAN ELM wood is of limited importance today. Historical Uses: because of its strength, the wood was used for things susceptible to wear such as wagon wheel hubs, ship decks, or mortars for grinding grain (by Native Americans). Other uses included slack cooperage (= barrels for storing dry goods; it was considered one of the best woods for barrel staves, due to its excellent bending properties and resistance to splitting), ship blocks, bark canoes (Native Americans), farm implements, construction and mining timbers, and railroad ties. Other Significant Information: AMERICAN ELMS are moderately fast growing and generally do not flower and fruit significantly until they are 35–40 years old. This was once among the most popular ornamental trees in eastern North America, and it was well known for its beautiful “vase” shape (expanding ± evenly from a narrow base to a full crown). However, the wide spread of Dutch Elm Disease (thus named because it was discovered by scientists in the Netherlands) has greatly impacted this species. The disease is caused by an ascomycete fungus, Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Nannf., that was introduced into the U.S. on diseased logs from Europe (though the fungus is thought to have originated in Asia). It was first discovered in North America in Colorado in the 1930s. This fungus, the spores of which are spread by bark beetles or through tree to tree root grafts, blocks the vascular tissue, thus killing infected trees. The loss of every tree on numerous elm-lined streets is a good lesson in the importance of planting a diversity of tree species (and avoiding monocultures). Recognition in the Field: alternate, simple, large (> 7 cm long) leaves that are asymmetrical at base, doubly toothed, and have one main vein from the base; fruits small, flat, elliptic to ovate, winged, glabrous except for marginal cilia.
WOOD COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF EAST TEXAS/APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE 1341 LEAF SHOWING ASYMMETRICAL BASE LEAVES ULMUS AMERICANA BARK
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REF. CODE ILLUSTRATION SOURCES APPE
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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SUBCLASS COMMELINIDAE Flowers small
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ANGIOSPERMS (DICOTS CONTINUED) Orde
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERI
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION-APG/APPEND
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(continuation of Aveneae) Phalaris
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TAXONOMY, CLASSIFICATION, AND THE D
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FLORAS: EVOLUTIONARY TAXONOMY OR PH
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APPENDIX SEVEN CHANGES IN THE SCIEN
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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Austin College Herbarium, Sherman,
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University of Texas at Austin Herba
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT 1 Ge
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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LIST OF TEXAS ENDEMICS OCCURRING IN
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Ditaxis simulans (J.W. Ingram) Radc
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APPENDIX TWELVE SPECIES OF PTERIDOP
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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APRIVATE LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGAN
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APPENDIX FOURTEEN BOOKS FOR THE STU
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BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE
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BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE
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APPENDIX FIFTEEN A SUGGESTED LIST O
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TREES (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SUG
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TREES (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SUG
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SHRUBS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLANTS SU
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WILDFLOWERS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLAN
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WILDFLOWERS (CONTINUED) NATIVE PLAN
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1244 APPENDIX SIXTEEN/NON-NATIVE PL
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APPENDIX SEVENTEEN A SUGGESTED LIST
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1266 APPENDIX SEVENTEEN/NATIVE PLAN
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1268 APPENDIX SEVENTEEN/NATIVE PLAN
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APPENDIX EIGHTEEN LIST OF SOURCES F
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1272 APPENDIX EIGHTEEN/SOURCES FOR
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1274 APPENDIX NINETEEN/NATIVE PLANT
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1390 GLOSSARY/SUPINE-THYRSE at or u
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A 1392 GLOSSARY/UNIFOLIATE-WORT UNI
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