Appendices & Glossary - Botanical Research Institute of Texas

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1284 APPENDIX NINETEEN/NATIVE PLANTS IMPORTANT TO WILDLIFE IN EAST TEXAS WATERFOWL VEGETATION TYPE/SPECIES COMMON NAME SEASON OF AVAILABILITY MARSH PLANTS SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER Carex spp. SEDGES, CARIC X X X X Cephalanthus occidentalis BUTTONBUSH, COMMON X X Echinochloa spp. BARNYARD GRASSES (NATIVE spp.) X X Eleocharis quadrangulata SPIKE-RUSH, SQUARE-STEM X X X X Lemnaceae DUCKWEEDS; WATERMEALS X X X X Leptochloa spp. SPRANGLETOPS X X X X Ludwigia repens SEEDBOX, ROUND-LEAF X X Najas guadalupensis WATER-NYMPH, COMMON X X X X Polygonum spp. KNOTWEEDS; SMARTWEEDS X X X X Potamogeton spp. PONDWEEDS X X X X Quercus nigra OAK, WATER X X Quercus phellos OAK, WILLOW X X Sagittaria platyphylla ARROWHEAD, DELTA X X X X Scirpus spp. BULRUSHES X X X X DEER Deer eat a very large variety of plants, but most of them are consumed in small quantities (< 10% of the total diet). Also, plant use is seasonal in relation to availability and palatability, so a plant may be used more in one area than another and more during one season than another. Therefore, few plants provide the bulk of the diet. The following list of plants in at least 10% of deer diet is compiled from information from unpublished file data provided by several colleagues, as well as their expertise: Kevin R. Herriman, District 5 Leader (Post Oak Savannah); Gary E. Calkins, District 6 Leader (Piney Woods); Clayton R. Wolf, Deer Project Leader; Harry H. Haucke, Manager, Gus Engeling Wildlife Management Area; Billy C. Lambert, Jr., District 5 Wildlife Biologist; and James H. Yantis, District 5 Wildlife Biologist, retired. VEGETATION TYPE/SPECIES COMMON NAME SEASON OF AVAILABILITY TREES SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER Carya aquatica HICKORY, WATER X X X Carya texana HICKORY, BLACK X X X Celtis laevigata SUGARBERRY; HACKBERRY, SUGAR X X X Cornus florida DOGWOOD, FLOWERING X X X Gleditsia triacanthos HONEY-LOCUST, COMMON X X X Nyssa sylvatica BLACK-GUM X X Quercus spp. OAKS X X X X Sassafras albidum SASSAFRAS X X X Ulmus spp. ELMS X X Zanthoxylum clava-herculis PRICKLY-ASH, HERCULES’-CLUB X X X SHRUBS Callicarpa americana BEAUTY-BERRY, AMERICAN X X X X Crataegus spp. HAWTHORNS X X X X Hypericum hypericoides ST. ANDREW’S-CROSS X X X X Ilex vomitoria YAUPON X X Rhus spp. SUMACS X X X Vaccinium arboreum FARKLE-BERRY X X X X
NATIVE PLANTS IMPORTANT TO WILDLIFE IN EAST TEXAS/APPENDIX NINETEEN 1285 VEGETATION TYPE/SPECIES COMMON NAME SEASON OF AVAILABILITY VINES SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER Berchemia scandens SUPPLEJACK; RATTANVINE X X X X Bignonia capreolata CROSSVINE X X X X Campsis radicans TRUMPET-CREEPER, COMMON X X Gelsemium sempervirens JESSAMINE, CAROLINA X X X X Smilax spp. GREENBRIARS X X X X Rubus spp. DEWBERRIES; BLACKBERRIES X X X X Vitis spp. GRAPES X X X GRASSES Dichanthelium spp. ROSETTE GRASSES X X SPECIES SELECTION A. SELECTION OF PREFERRED NATIVE PLANTS IS BASED ON THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA 1) Emphasize native plant species that occur locally, i.e., in the area. Mast producers, especially a diversity of oaks, walnut, hickories, persimmon, and plums are examples. They are important food and cover plants. 2) Weedy, invader native species should not be emphasized (e.g., ash, cottonwood, pine, sycamore, and willow). In general, such species have great capacity for natural dispersal and are adapted to disturbed soil sites. 3) Oaks, walnuts, and hickories should be planted as saplings because they have limited capacity for dispersal. In contrast, trees, shrubs, and woody vines with winged or fleshy fruits are dispersed by wind or animals. Thus, these plants can be provided more sparingly. 4) Native plants are adapted to the local environment and will persist through periods of environmental stress. Most exotic plants cannot similarly persist and are also overrated as wildlife food and cover. However, a few exotic species can establish themselves by out-competing native plants. They then become serious persistent pests, difficult if not impossible to control or eradicate. Therefore, exotic species should not be planted. B. DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF NATIVE PLANTS Native plants should possess as many of the following characteristics as possible. 1) Thrive under specific climatic and soil conditions. 2) Compete with other plant species occurring in these conditions. 3) Cover as much area as possible. Desirable characteristics include spreading by stolons, runners, or rhizomes; forming thickets, mats, or coppices; rooting from decumbent or declining branches, or forming root shoots (suckers). 4) Produce fertility-enriching litter with high water holding capacity. 5) Inexpensive, readily available form local sites or nurseries, and easy to propagate and maintain. 6) Rapid-growing and long-lived. 7) Possess hardy characteristics such as resistance or adaptability to grazing or browsing, drought, fire, shade, insect damage, and diseases; and growing rapidly on soils with a wide range of fertility and chemical characteristics. 8) Produce dense foliage (deciduous and evergreen), stems, or thorns, preferably close to the ground. 9) Produce seasonally abundant shoots, leaves, buds, and fruits that have high nutritive value for many species of wildlife. 10) Produce annual, persistent fruits that have high seed germination ratios.
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REF. CODE ILLUSTRATION SOURCES APPE
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES/APPENDIX ONE 1
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SUBCLASS COMMELINIDAE Flowers small
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ANGIOSPERMS (DICOTS CONTINUED) Orde
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERI
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PHYLOGENY/CLASSIFICATION-APG/APPEND
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(continuation of Aveneae) Phalaris
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TAXONOMY, CLASSIFICATION, AND THE D
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FLORAS: EVOLUTIONARY TAXONOMY OR PH
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APPENDIX SEVEN CHANGES IN THE SCIEN
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/APPE
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Austin College Herbarium, Sherman,
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University of Texas at Austin Herba
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT 1 Ge
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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EAST TEXAS AS A UNIQUE HABITAT/APPE
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LIST OF TEXAS ENDEMICS OCCURRING IN
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Ditaxis simulans (J.W. Ingram) Radc
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APPENDIX TWELVE SPECIES OF PTERIDOP
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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SPECIES OF PETERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPE
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS/
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APRIVATE LIST OF CONSERVATION ORGAN
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APPENDIX FOURTEEN BOOKS FOR THE STU
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BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE
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BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXAS NATIVE
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APPENDIX FIFTEEN A SUGGESTED LIST O
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1334 APPENDIX TWENTY-ONE/COMMERCIAL
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APPENDIX TWENTY-TWO LIST OF SELECTE
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1344 APPENDIX TWENTY-TWO/INTERNET A
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APPENDIX TWENTY-THREE STATE BOTANIC
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APPENDIX TWENTY-FOUR ELRAY S. NIXON
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1356 APPENDIX TWENTY-FOUR/ELRAY S.
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1358 APPENDIX TWENTY-FIVE/LYNN R. L
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1360 GLOSSARY/AMENT-ARIL AMENT (= C
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1362 GLOSSARY/ARILLATE-BISECTED ARI
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1364 GLOSSARY/BISERIATE-CAPITULUM B
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1366 GLOSSARY/CAPSULAR-COARCTATE CA
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1368 GLOSSARY/COB-CORONA COB Rachis
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1370 GLOSSARY/CORONIFORM SCALES-DEC
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1372 GLOSSARY/DEFLEXED-DOCTRINE OF
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1374 GLOSSARY/EROSE-FISSURED egrota
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A 1376 GLOSSARY/GLOCHID-HETEROCARPO
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1378 GLOSSARY/INDETERMINATE-LACTIFE
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A 1380 GLOSSARY/M-MULTIFLOROUS M M
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1382 GLOSSARY/OLIGO-PEDUNCULAR prim
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1384 GLOSSARY/PINNIPALMATE-PSEUDOAN
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1386 GLOSSARY/RESUPINATE-SCAPOSE RE
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1388 GLOSSARY/SILIQUE-STAMINATE of
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1390 GLOSSARY/SUPINE-THYRSE at or u
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A 1392 GLOSSARY/UNIFOLIATE-WORT UNI
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