CRABS (BRACHYURA) OF THE GULF OF MEXICO

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124 Lawrence W. Powers Habitat: commensal in a variety of bivalve molluscs; young of both sexes and often adult males are free-swimming; most common in the mantle cavities of mussels, Mytilus edulis; in tubes of the polychaetes Arenicola and Chaetopterus (C. pergamentaceus and C. variopedatus); from mud, sand, shell and gravel substrates. Other molluscan hosts include: Atrina rigida, A. seminuda, A. serrata, Anomia simplex, Argopecten gibba, A. irradians, Cyrtopleura costata. Modiolus modiolus, M. tulipa, Mya arenaria, and Placopecten magellanica. Remarks: This species has a large literature, catalogued by Schmitt, McCain and Davidson (1973). Larval stages were described by 0. W. Hyman (1924), Aikawa (1937) and Costlow and Bookhout (1966b). Life history data is provided in MacGinitie and MacGinitie (1968) and by Christensen and McDermott (1959). Caine (1975) studied feeding behavior and physiology and Kruczynski (1975) measured food intake and digestion. Pearce (1964) described reproductive aspects. Larval shadow responses were studied by Forward (1977) and behavior in relation to hosts was described by SasUy and Menzel (1962) and by Eidemiller (1969). The effects of this crab on the growth and biology of its scallop hosts were studied by Kruczynski (1971, 1972). Sandifer (1973) commented on larval ecology in Virginia and Fotheringham and Brunenmeister (1975) described this crab as it occurs in the Gulf of Mexico. Regional lists include Florida (Wass, 1955; Tabb and Manning, 1961; Abele, 1970; Menzel, 1971; Godcharles and .laap, 1973) and Texas (Leary, 1967). Listed from Brazil by Rodrigues da Costa (1971) and Coelho and Ramos (1972). Pinnotheres inoseri Rathbun, 1918 (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 97: 94) Rathbun, 1918, p. 94, text-fig. 47, pi. 21, figs. 3-4; Schmitt, McCain & Davidson, 1973, p. 58. Range: west coast of Florida. Depth: 1.5to5.5m (lto3fm). Habitat: commensal in sea squirts (tunicates) and from the brachial cavity of an ascidian, Polycarpa obtecta; off rocky bottoms with grass and thin layers of sand and mud. Remarks: Rathbun (1918) did not list sea squirts as commensals, only as present in the dredges in which the crabs were found. Pearce (1966) provided information on life histoiy and Hartnoll (1964a) described a larval stage. Listed from Florida by Godcharles and Jaap (1973), including data from the collection locality. Pinnotheres ostreum Say, 1817 (J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1: 67) Common Names: Oyster Crab; Common Pea Crab Hay & Shore, 1918, p. 543, pi. 35, fig. 9; Rathbun, 1918, p. 66, text-fig. 30, pi. 15, figs. 3-6; Williams, 1965, p. 203, figs.. 187-189; Felder, 1973a, p. 75, pi. 10, figs. 12-14; Schmitt, McCain & Davidson, 1973, p. 61. Range: Massachusetts to south Florida; Texas; northwest Cuba; Guadeloupe; Pernambuco to Santa Catarina, Brazil. Habitat: parasitic in oysters and present in other bivalve molluscs, including: Crassostrea virginica, C. rhizophorae, Anomia simplex, Mytilus edulis, and
Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 125 Pecten spp.; occasionally in polychaete {Chaetopterus) tubes; only the first crab ("invasive") stage is free-swimming; found primarily in shallow bays and other suitable oyster habitats. Remarks: The large literature on this species was catalogued by Schmitt, McCain and Davidson (1973). Earlier biologists thought that this crab was a commensal of oysters, but its parasitic nature was definitely established, as summarized by Stauber (1945), Flower and McDermott (1953) and Haven (1958). Information on larval stages can be found in O. W. Hyman (1924), Lebour (1928), Aikawa (1937), Costlow and Bookhout (1966b) and in Sandoz and Hopkins (1947). Natural history of this species is reviewed by Christensen and McDermott (1959) and by MacGinitie and MacGinitie (1968); Williams (1965) summarized much of the current literature. Beach (1969) studied the life history of this crab in North Carolina. Hartnoll (1971) noted modifications for swimming activity. Listed from Texas by Hedgpeth (1953), Breuer (1962) and Leary (1967). Pinnotheres serreiVvaXhhun, 1909. Transfen-ed to a new genus, Ortholheres, by Sakai (1969). Refer to Orthotheres serrei. Pinnotheres shoemakeri Rathbun, 1918 (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 97: 95) Rathbun, 1918, p. 95, text-fig. 48, pi. 22, figs. 1-4; Rathbun, 1933, p. 83; Schmitt, McCain & Davidson, 1973, p. 86. Range: west coast of Florida; St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. Pinnotheres stromhi Rathbun, 1905. Transferred to a new genus, Orthotheres, by Sakai (1969). Refer toOrthothere^ strombi. Subfamily PINNO<strong>THE</strong>RELIINAE Alcock, 1900 Pinmxo White, 1846 Pinnixa chacei Wass, 1955 (Quart. J. Flor. Acad. Sci. 18: 160) Wass, 1955, p. 160, figs. 5-9; Felder, 1973a, p. 71, pi. 10, fig. 5; Schmitt, McCain & Davidson, 1973, p. 104. Range: northwest Florida; Louisiana and Texas. Habitat: intertidal, commensal with burrowing shrimp, Callinassa islagrande, living in upper part of burrow; on sandy bottoms. Remarks: Listed from Florida by Wass (1955) and Menzel (1971), from Louisiana by Behre (1950) as Pinnixa sp., and from Texas (Leary, 1967). Pinnixa chaetopterana Stimpson, 1860 (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York 7: 235) Hay & Shore, 1918, p. 44.5, pi. 36,rig. 4; Rathbun, 1918, p. 151, text-figs. 93-94, pi. 33, figs, 3-6; Williams, 1965, p. 210, fig. 194; Felder, 1973a, p. 74, pi. 10, fig. 8; Srhmitt, McCain & Davidson, 1973, p. 104,
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a catalogue & bibliography to the C
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Editor: DONALD E. WOHLSCHLAG Editor
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgme
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INTRODUCTION The purpose of this ca
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I Crabs SECTION DROMIACEA de Haan,
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Family TABLE II Endemic and Total S
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Family Dromiidae Prosopidae Homolid
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 15 FIG.
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FIG. 4. Surface currents of the Gul
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 19 tive
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 21 Rema
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 23 Dept
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 25 foss
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CycZorforippe orn«fa Chace, 1940 (
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 29 Ethu
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 33 exam
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 35 Will
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Callidactylus Stimpson, 1871 Crabs
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Persephona I^each, 1817 Persephona
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 41 and
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Aepinus Rathbun, 1897 Crabsof the G
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 45 Dept
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Slenor/iync/iMs Lamarck, 1818 Crabs
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 51 Rang
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 53 atta
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 55 Milh
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 5 7 Ban
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 59 base
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Pif/io Bell, 1835 Crabs of the Gulf
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Holoplites Rathbun, 1894 Crabs of t
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 65 lett
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 67 Roch
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 69 Rang
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Tutankhamen Rathbun, 1925 Crabs of
Page 73 and 74: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 73 Rang
Page 75 and 76: Crabs of ihe Gulf of Mexico 75 pis.
Page 77 and 78: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 77 spec
Page 79 and 80: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 79 tole
Page 81 and 82: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 81 Love
Page 83 and 84: Crabsof the Gulf of Mexico 83 Habit
Page 85 and 86: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 85 Habi
Page 87 and 88: The Freshwater Crabs Crabs of the G
Page 89 and 90: Carpoporus Stimpson, 1871 Crabsof t
Page 91 and 92: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 91 it b
Page 97 and 98: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 97 of b
Page 99 and 100: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 99 Dept
Page 101 and 102: 7'^ Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 101
Page 103 and 104: Crabs of the Gulf oj Mexico 103 Pan
Page 105 and 106: Piluninus L,each, 1815 Crabs of the
Page 107 and 108: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 107 Dep
Page 109 and 110: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 109 Mis
Page 111 and 112: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 111 bet
Page 113 and 114: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 113 Rem
Page 115 and 116: McCloskey & Gray, 1968, p. 52, fig.
Page 117 and 118: Range: north coast of Cuba; Puerto
Page 119 and 120: Depth: 112 to 545 m (61 to 298 fm).
Page 121 and 122: Crabs of t he Giilf of Mexico 121 f
Page 123: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 123 Ila
Page 127 and 128: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 127 Ran
Page 129 and 130: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 129 lan
Page 131 and 132: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 131 As
Page 133 and 134: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 133 Car
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Page 137 and 138: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 137 74;
Page 139 and 140: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 139 197
Page 141 and 142: Ocypoda arenaria Sa}^ 1817. Crabs o
Page 143 and 144: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 143 Vca
Page 145 and 146: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 145 Ran
Page 147 and 148: Ilea pugnax (Smith, 1870). Crabs of
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Page 151 and 152: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 151 ADK
Page 153 and 154: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 153 and
Page 155 and 156: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 155 . 1
Page 157 and 158: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 15 7
Page 159 and 160: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 159 ENG
Page 163 and 164: ^ Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 163 .
Page 165 and 166: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 165 HEN
Page 171 and 172: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 171 MEN
Page 173 and 174: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 173 ONG
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1-127. Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico \77 •
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 179 SKO
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 181 TRU
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 183 . 1
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186 Lawrence W. Powers C. cubensis
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188 Lawrence W. Powers M. crebripun
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190 Lawrence W. Powers T. granulosu
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CRABS (BRACHYURA) OF THE GULF OF MEXICO

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