CRABS (BRACHYURA) OF THE GULF OF MEXICO

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146 Lawrence W. Powers (1920), Gray (1942) on transient prezoea, and by Hernkind (1968b). Miller (1968) investigated asymmetry during growth and Vemberg and Costlow (1966) studied handedness. Ecological studies include work on habitat preferences in Georgia (Teal, 1958), feeding efficiency (Miller, 1961), habitats in the Bahamas (Coventry, 1944), habitats in Massachusetts (Knopf, 1966), distribution in relation to thermal tolerance (Miller and Vernberg, 1968), thermal relations of crab and microhabitat (Smith and Miller, 1973), and capture-recapture methods (Hockett and Kritzler, 1972). Sand Fiddlers have been the subjects of many behavioral studies: displays and courtships (Pease, 1914; Dembowski, 1925, 1926; Crane, 1943a, 1957), threat displays (Schone, 1968; Aspey, 1971), sound production and visual signals (Burkenroad, 1947; Salmon and Stout, 1962; Salmon, 1965, 1967; Salmon and Atsaides, 1969; Salmon and Horch, 1972), burrowing activity (Teal, 1958; Coward, Gerhardt and Crockett, 1970), visual orientation (Herrnkind, 1968a, 1968c, 1972), feeding (Miller, 1961), locomotion (Baird and Burleson, 1970), and larval shadow responses (Forward, 1977). Physiological studies include work on molting (Abramowitz and Abramowitz, 1940; Guyselman, 1953; Stewart and Green, 1969; Skinner and Graham, 1972; Fingerman and Fingerman, 1976; Weis, 1976a), regeneration (Weis, 1976b, 1976c, 1977a, 1977b; Weis and Mantel, 1976), color changes and chromatophores (Carlson, 1935, 1936; Brown and Sandeen, 1948; Brown and Webb, 1948; Brown, 1950; Guyselman, 1953; Webb, Bennett and Brown, 1954; Fingerman and Yamamoto, 1967; Barnwell, 1968a; Rao and Fingerman, 1968; Fingerman, Rao and Ring, 1969; Coohill and Fingerman, 1975), metabolism (W. B. Vemberg and Vemberg, 1972), rhythmical activity and physiolog}^ (Brown et al., 1955; Fingerman, 1956, 1957; Fingerman, Lowe and Mobberly, 1958; Barnwell, 1966, 1968b), biochemistry (Eisen et cd., 1973), sensitivity to anemone toxin (Blanquet, 1968), reproduction and endocrinology (Darby, 1935; Brown and Jones, 1949; Sandeen, 1950; Fingerman and Fitzpatrick, 1956; Fingerman and Couch, 1967; Rao, Fingerman and Bartell, 1967; Rao and Fingerman, 1969, 1970; Fingerman, 1970, 1973; Bartell, Rao and Fingerman, 1971; Fielder, Rao and Fingerman, 1971), thermoregulation and temperature adaptations (Edwards, 1950; Orr, 1955; Demeusy, 1957; Wilkins and Fingerman, 1965; Vemberg, DeCoursey and Padgett, 1973), osmoregulation (Pease, 1929; Teal, 1958; Green et al., 1959; Evans, Cooper and Bogan, 1976), toxicology (Nimmo et al., 1971; DeCoursey and Vernberg, 1972; O'Hara, 1973), respiration (Gray, 1957; Teal, 1959; Wilkins and Fingerman, 1965; Smith and Miller, 1973; Silverthorn, 1975a, 1975b), sensory perception (Salmon and Atsaides, 1969; Horch and Salmon, 1969; Salmon, 1971; Langdon, 1971; Avent, 1974; Hyatt, 1974, 1975; Salmon, Horch and Hyatt, 1977), neu: obiologj' (Nunnemacher, 1965; Andrews, 1973), radiation sensitivity (Engel, 1973), and infection by bacteria (Spindler-Barth, 1976). Regional lists include Florida (Wass, 1955; Tabb and Manning, 1961; Menzel, 1971), Louisiana (Behre, 1950; Hoese and Valentine, 1972), and Texas (Hedgpeth, 1950, 1953; Whitten, Rosene and Hedgpeth, 1950; Simmons, 1957; Leary, 1967), but the Louisiana and Texas records probably refer to Uca panacea.
Ilea pugnax (Smith, 1870). Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 147 This is another species with a history of frequent nomenclatural changes. Most older references have included this crab as a Gulf species, but Salmon and Atsaides (1968b) referred the Gulf populations of U. pugnax to new species, U. virens and V. longisignalis. Crane (1975) maintained U. virerLS as a subspecies of U. pugnax, but she placed U. longisignalis as a subspecies of V. rapax. Until a revision by Tashian and Vernberg (1958), Z7. rapax was considered a subspecies of U. pugnax; thus all four forms are closety related. However, von Hagen (1976) synonymizes Z7. virens with U. rapax and considers U. longisignalis to be synonymous with U. minaxl The present list treats each form separately, maintaining each species presented by Salmon and Atsaides (1968b) and excluding U. pugnax as a Gulf species. Vca rapax (Smith, 1870) (Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts Sci. 2: 134) As V. pugnax rnpn;c—Rathbun, 1918, p. 397 (part), pi. 140; Maccagno, 1928, p. 45, text-fig. 29; Rathbun, 1933, p. 97; de Oliviera, 1939a, p. 134. As V. rapax—Tashian & Vf3rnberg, 1958, Holthuis, 1959, p. 266, text-figs. 64d-f, 65, pi. 14, figs. 4-6, pi. 15, fig. 3; Chace & Hobbs, 1969, p. 214, figs. 73a-b; von Hagen, 1970a, p. 226; Crane, 1973, p. 190, figs. 52C-DD, 54F, 67C, 86, 91E-F, 100, pis. 27A-D, 45C-F, map 14. Range: Bahamas; east coast of Florida; Florida Keys; southwest coast of Florida; northeast coast of Mexico to northeast Yucatan; north and south coasts of Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; St. Thomas, Virgin Islands to Trinidad and Tobago; Netherlands Antilles; east coast of Yucatan to Guatamala; Caribbean coast of Panama to Santa Catarina, Brazil. Habitat: mud, sand-mud, and mud-sand flats; edges of mangroves; along rivers and streams on flats and banks. Remarks: This species may also occur infrequently along the northwestern Gulf coast, but Crane (1975) attributes records of this crab to U. rapax longisignalis. Felder (1973a) listed V. rapax from the same area, but past records may be erroneous with regard to the several similar species involved. Listed from Brazil by Coelho and Ramos (1972). Behavioral studies include observations on waving displays (Crane, 1943a, 1957), combat between males (Crane, 1957, 1967), visual and acoustical signalling (Salmon and Atsaides, 1968a), kinaesthetic orientation (von I^agen, 1967), orientation to burrows (von Hagen, 1970b), and feeding (Miller, 1965). Warner (1969) studied the natural historj^ of this crab in Jamaica and Holthuis (1959) provided ecological notes and populations in Surinam. Smith and Miller (1973) measured thermal adaptations. Barnwell (1963) observed motor activity and the rhythmicity of color changes in populations in Brazil. Handedness and its relationship to development was analyzed by Vernberg and Costlow (1966). Adaptations to particular tidal levels were observed by von Hagen (1970b). Salmon (1971) measured vibration receptivity and van Delft (1968) studied daily rhythms of color changes.
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a catalogue & bibliography to the C
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Editor: DONALD E. WOHLSCHLAG Editor
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgme
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INTRODUCTION The purpose of this ca
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I Crabs SECTION DROMIACEA de Haan,
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Family TABLE II Endemic and Total S
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Family Dromiidae Prosopidae Homolid
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 15 FIG.
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FIG. 4. Surface currents of the Gul
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 19 tive
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 21 Rema
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 23 Dept
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 25 foss
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CycZorforippe orn«fa Chace, 1940 (
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 29 Ethu
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 33 exam
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 35 Will
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Callidactylus Stimpson, 1871 Crabs
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Persephona I^each, 1817 Persephona
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 41 and
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Aepinus Rathbun, 1897 Crabsof the G
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 45 Dept
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Slenor/iync/iMs Lamarck, 1818 Crabs
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 51 Rang
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 53 atta
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 55 Milh
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 5 7 Ban
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 59 base
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Pif/io Bell, 1835 Crabs of the Gulf
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Holoplites Rathbun, 1894 Crabs of t
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 65 lett
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 67 Roch
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Tutankhamen Rathbun, 1925 Crabs of
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Crabs of ihe Gulf of Mexico 75 pis.
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 77 spec
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 79 tole
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 81 Love
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Crabsof the Gulf of Mexico 83 Habit
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 85 Habi
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The Freshwater Crabs Crabs of the G
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Carpoporus Stimpson, 1871 Crabsof t
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 91 it b
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 93 Habi
Page 95 and 96: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 95 Habi
Page 97 and 98: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 97 of b
Page 99 and 100: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 99 Dept
Page 101 and 102: 7'^ Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 101
Page 103 and 104: Crabs of the Gulf oj Mexico 103 Pan
Page 105 and 106: Piluninus L,each, 1815 Crabs of the
Page 107 and 108: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 107 Dep
Page 109 and 110: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 109 Mis
Page 111 and 112: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 111 bet
Page 113 and 114: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 113 Rem
Page 115 and 116: McCloskey & Gray, 1968, p. 52, fig.
Page 117 and 118: Range: north coast of Cuba; Puerto
Page 119 and 120: Depth: 112 to 545 m (61 to 298 fm).
Page 121 and 122: Crabs of t he Giilf of Mexico 121 f
Page 123 and 124: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 123 Ila
Page 125 and 126: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 125 Pec
Page 127 and 128: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 127 Ran
Page 129 and 130: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 129 lan
Page 131 and 132: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 131 As
Page 133 and 134: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 133 Car
Page 135 and 136: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 135 Ses
Page 137 and 138: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 137 74;
Page 139 and 140: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 139 197
Page 141 and 142: Ocypoda arenaria Sa}^ 1817. Crabs o
Page 143 and 144: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 143 Vca
Page 145: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 145 Ran
Page 149 and 150: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 149 Jam
Page 151 and 152: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 151 ADK
Page 153 and 154: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 153 and
Page 155 and 156: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 155 . 1
Page 157 and 158: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 15 7
Page 159 and 160: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 159 ENG
Page 163 and 164: ^ Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 163 .
Page 165 and 166: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 165 HEN
Page 171 and 172: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 171 MEN
Page 173 and 174: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 173 ONG
Page 175 and 176: 1-127. Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico
Page 177 and 178: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico \77 •
Page 179 and 180: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 179 SKO
Page 181 and 182: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 181 TRU
Page 185 and 186: 186 Lawrence W. Powers C. cubensis
Page 187 and 188: 188 Lawrence W. Powers M. crebripun
Page 189: 190 Lawrence W. Powers T. granulosu
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CRABS (BRACHYURA) OF THE GULF OF MEXICO

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