CRABS (BRACHYURA) OF THE GULF OF MEXICO

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138 Lawrence W. Powers Family GECARCINIDAE Macleay, 1838 Cardisoma Latreille, 1825 Cardiosoma guanhunii Latreille, 1825 (Encycl. Meth., Hist. Nat., Entom., vol. 10, p. 685) Common Names: Great Land Crab; White Land Crab; Mulatto Land Crab; Juej'-; Tourlourou; Guanhumi; Guaiamu Rathbun, 1918, p. 341, text-fig. 155, pis. 106-107; Rathbun, 1933, p. 94, fig. 89; Hright, 1966, p. 191, fig. 4-1; Forest & Guinot, 1966, p. 94; Chace & Hobbs, 1969, p. 195, figs. 64, 67a-c; Tiirkay, 1970, p. 345; Rright & Hogue, 1972; p. 16; Felder, 1973a, p. 79, pi. 12, figs. 1,4. Range: Bermuda; Bahamas; southeast Florida; Florida Keys; Louisiana and south Texas; eastern Mexico to Colombia; north and south coasts of Cuba; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; St. Thomas, Virgin Islands to Barbados; Trinidad; Netherlands Antilles; Colombia to Sao Paulo, Brazil. Habitat: low-lying coastal areas, especially mangrove swamps; open fields; along rivers, streams, drainage canals and ditches; under buildings; saline soils with high water tables; primarily nocturnal, but diurnal in heavily shaded areas and on days when the sky is heavily overcast. Remarks: This is the largest land crab in the Gulf of Mexico region. It is commercially harvested as a food item on some islands of the West Indies, especially Puerto Rico. In other areas, such as southern Florida, this crab is considered an agricultural pest because of the damage caused to fields by the large, extensive burrows and also due to the fondness of the crabs for young, growing shoots. Regional lists include Louisiana (Behre, 1949, 1950) and Texas (Leary, 1967; Felder, 1973a). Listed from Cuba by Chace (1940) and from Brazil by Coelho and Ramos (1972). Accounts of natural history were provided by Gifford (1962b), Feliciano (1962), and Folheringham and Brunenmeister (1975). Henning (1975a, 1975b) studied the biology of this crab in northern Columbia, including extensive observations on behavior and ecology. Wright (1968) described agonistic behavior, especially chela displays during social encounters. Herreid (1963) investigated feeding behavior and Herreid and Gifford (1963) reported on the burrow as a habitat and on ionic regulation by the crab. Developmental stages were described by Moreira (1913) and Costlow and Bookhout (1968b). Costlow and Bookhout (1968c) studied the effects of various environmental factors on development. Physiological studies include work on calcium metablism (Gifford and Johnson, 1962), growth and morphometries (Herreid, 1967), various terrestrial adaptations (Bliss, 1963, 1968), aerial respiration (Cameron, 1975), respiratory pigments (Redmond, 1962), and uric acid metabolism (Gifford, 1968), osmoregulation by larval stages (Kalber and Costlow, 1968), neurobiology of autotomy and leg elevation (Moffett, 1975), pericardial organ neurosecretion (Cooke and Goldstone, 1970; Berlind and Cooke, 1970; Berlind, Cooke and Goldstone, 1970) neural control of walking (Barnes, Spirito and Evoy, 1972; Spirito, Evoy and Barnes, 1972; Evoy and Fourtner,
Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 139 1973; Fourtner and Evoy, 1973; Moffett, 1975) and biochemistry (Quinn and Lane, 1966,1967). Studies of economic and commercial impact include those of de Oliviera (1946) on the fishery and ecology of this crab in Brazil and Feliciano (1962) on the fishery in Puerto Rico. Humes (1958) described a copepod from the gill chambers of this crab. Gecarcinus Leach, 1814 Gecarcinus lateralis (Freminville, 1835) (Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 2, Zool. 3: 224) Common Names: Black Land Crab; Common Land Crab Rathbun, 1918, p. 3SS, text-fig. 161, pis. 119-120; Rathbun, 1933, p. 9S, fig. 91; Chace & Holthuis, 1948, p. 26; Chace & Hobbs, 1969, p. 198, figs. 6S, 67e-g; TiJrkay, 1970, p. 337, figs. 2a-c; Bright & Hogue, 1972, p. 21; Felder, 1973a, p. 82, pi. 12, figs. 2-3; Tiirkay, 1973, p. 974, fig. 2. Range: Bermuda; Bahamas; southeast Florida; Florida Keys; south Texas to north coast of Yucatan; north and south coasts of Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; St. Thomas, Virgin Islands to Barbados; Netherlands Antilles; Honduras to Costa Rica; Caribbean coast of Columbia to Surinam. Habitat: burrows in dry, sandy areas; in back dunes and on dune ridges; up to 1000 foot elevation in Dominica (Chace and Hobbs, 1969); in wooded areas of dune ridges and back dunes of eastern Florida, under logs and leaf litter; primarily nocturnal, but diel in heavily wooded habitats. Remarks: The status of this species and of G. quadratus have been unclear for some time. Tiirkay (1970) listed G. quadratus as a subspecies of G. lateralis, but an examination of types in the Paris Museum led Tijrkay (1973) to conclude that the two are synonymous. Most other workers have listed them as distinct and separate species, yet recognizing the complex distribution pattern of G. quadratus on both sides of Central America. Some specimens of G. lateralis have also been reported from the Pacific coast. Specimens collected in Texas (Ray, 1967; Britton, 1976; personal collections) are of G. lateralis. Regional lists include Texas (Ray, 1967; Britton, 1976; Felder, 1973a; Fotheringham and Brunenmeister, 1975) and Mexico (Cabrera, 1965, zoeaonly). Listed from Costa Rica by Bright (1966). Reports on ecology and natural history of this species include Bhss and Sprague (1958b), Weitzman (1963), Bliss (1968), Chace and Hobbs (1969), and Klaassen (1975). This crab has been used for a variety of physiological studies, especially for research on molting and regeneration (Hodge, 1956a, 1956b; Bliss, 1960a, 1960b, 1966; Bliss and Boyer, 1964; Bliss etal., 1972; Skinner, 1965, 1966; Skinner and Graham, 1972; Mason, 1970; Holland and Skinner, 1976; Yamaoka and Skinner, 1976). Other physiological reports include work on osmoregulation and water balance (Bliss, 1963; Bliss, Wang and Martinez, 1966; Mantel, 1968; Copeland, 1968), aerial respiration (Cameron, 1975), lipid metabolism (O'Connor and Gilbert, 1968), coagulation (Morrison and Morrison, 1952; Stutman and DoUiver, 1968), neuroendocrinology (Hodge and Chapman, 1958; Bliss and Sprague, 1958a; Maynard, 1961a, 1961b; Maynard and Maynard, 1962; Weitzman, 1969; Mantel et al., 1975),
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a catalogue & bibliography to the C
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Editor: DONALD E. WOHLSCHLAG Editor
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgme
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INTRODUCTION The purpose of this ca
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I Crabs SECTION DROMIACEA de Haan,
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Family TABLE II Endemic and Total S
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Family Dromiidae Prosopidae Homolid
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 15 FIG.
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FIG. 4. Surface currents of the Gul
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 19 tive
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 21 Rema
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 23 Dept
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 25 foss
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CycZorforippe orn«fa Chace, 1940 (
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 29 Ethu
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 33 exam
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 35 Will
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Callidactylus Stimpson, 1871 Crabs
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Persephona I^each, 1817 Persephona
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 41 and
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Aepinus Rathbun, 1897 Crabsof the G
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 45 Dept
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Slenor/iync/iMs Lamarck, 1818 Crabs
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 51 Rang
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 53 atta
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 55 Milh
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 5 7 Ban
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 59 base
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Pif/io Bell, 1835 Crabs of the Gulf
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Holoplites Rathbun, 1894 Crabs of t
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 65 lett
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 67 Roch
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Tutankhamen Rathbun, 1925 Crabs of
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Crabs of ihe Gulf of Mexico 75 pis.
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 77 spec
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 79 tole
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 81 Love
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Crabsof the Gulf of Mexico 83 Habit
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Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 85 Habi
Page 87 and 88: The Freshwater Crabs Crabs of the G
Page 89 and 90: Carpoporus Stimpson, 1871 Crabsof t
Page 91 and 92: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 91 it b
Page 93 and 94: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 93 Habi
Page 95 and 96: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 95 Habi
Page 97 and 98: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 97 of b
Page 99 and 100: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 99 Dept
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Page 103 and 104: Crabs of the Gulf oj Mexico 103 Pan
Page 105 and 106: Piluninus L,each, 1815 Crabs of the
Page 107 and 108: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 107 Dep
Page 109 and 110: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 109 Mis
Page 111 and 112: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 111 bet
Page 113 and 114: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 113 Rem
Page 115 and 116: McCloskey & Gray, 1968, p. 52, fig.
Page 117 and 118: Range: north coast of Cuba; Puerto
Page 119 and 120: Depth: 112 to 545 m (61 to 298 fm).
Page 121 and 122: Crabs of t he Giilf of Mexico 121 f
Page 123 and 124: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 123 Ila
Page 125 and 126: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 125 Pec
Page 127 and 128: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 127 Ran
Page 129 and 130: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 129 lan
Page 131 and 132: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 131 As
Page 133 and 134: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 133 Car
Page 135 and 136: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 135 Ses
Page 137: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 137 74;
Page 141 and 142: Ocypoda arenaria Sa}^ 1817. Crabs o
Page 143 and 144: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 143 Vca
Page 145 and 146: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 145 Ran
Page 147 and 148: Ilea pugnax (Smith, 1870). Crabs of
Page 149 and 150: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 149 Jam
Page 151 and 152: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 151 ADK
Page 153 and 154: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 153 and
Page 155 and 156: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 155 . 1
Page 157 and 158: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 15 7
Page 159 and 160: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 159 ENG
Page 163 and 164: ^ Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 163 .
Page 165 and 166: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 165 HEN
Page 171 and 172: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 171 MEN
Page 173 and 174: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 173 ONG
Page 175 and 176: 1-127. Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico
Page 177 and 178: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico \77 •
Page 179 and 180: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 179 SKO
Page 181 and 182: Crabs of the Gulf of Mexico 181 TRU
Page 185 and 186: 186 Lawrence W. Powers C. cubensis
Page 187 and 188: 188 Lawrence W. Powers M. crebripun
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190 Lawrence W. Powers T. granulosu
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CRABS (BRACHYURA) OF THE GULF OF MEXICO

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