Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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Figure 47: Published strontium isotope ratios for the eastern Mediterranean and Northeast Africa 0.70200 0.70300 0.70400 0.70500 0.70600 0.70700 0.70800 0.70900 0.71000 0.71100 Karasu Valley, Hatay, SE Turkey (Alici et al. 2001) Baer-Bassit area, Syria (Gale et al. 1981) Soreq Cave, Israel (Ayalon et al. 1999) Negev, Israel (Avigour et al. 1990) Southern Coastal Plain, Israel (Starinsky et al. 1983) Harbor at Caesarea Maritima, Israel (Reinhardt et al. 1998) Libyan desert sandstone (Schaaf et al. 2002) Kenya Rift basalts (Rogers et al. 2000) Afar region, Ethiopia (Betton & Civetta 1984; Barberi et al. 1980) Erta'Ale range, Ethiopia (Barrat et al. 1998) Northwestern Ethiopian Plateau (Pik et al. 1999) Southwestern Ethiopia (Ayalew et al. 1999) 131
fault and is filled with flood-basalt type volcanics of Quaternary age. This valley is, understandably, an active fault zone that is known as the "Karasu fault," and extends in a NE-SW direction. The authors collected eighteen samples for strontium isotope analysis from alkali basalts, quartz tholeiites, and olivine tholeiites, the results of which are reproduced in Figure 47 (solid dark-blue diamond). The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values for the basalts range from 0.703353 to 0.704410, whereas the quartz-tholeiites are from 0.704410 to 0.705490, and the olivine tholeiites from 0.703490 to 0.704780. The latter two types have higher 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values due to contamination of magmas by crustal materials (Alici et al. 2001: 124, 129). The second study, by Gale et al. (1981), hails from the Baër-Bassit area of Syria which lies north of Ugarit/Ras Shamra along the Levantine coast. The study is a more specific investigation concentrating primarily on the metalliferous sediments associated with Upper Cretaceous ophiolites. Only four samples were collected, and their locations are depicted in Figure 48. See also Figure 49 for a larger geologic map of the region. The results are reproduced in Figure 47 (solid pink squares). It is readily apparent that the values from southeastern Turkey and northwestern Syria range on opposite ends of the spectrum of typical 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values. The Karasu Valley has 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values typical of the basalt geology of the area, whereas the Baër- Bassit values derive from the strontium isotope signature of the Campanian-Maestrichtian sea, when the sediments were formed (Gale et al. 1981: 1299). These two studies only highlight the difficulties inherent in trying to characterize a geologically complex area by a narrow range of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values. The complicated nature of the geology requires a large number of site-specific studies in order for a strontium isotope profile of the region to be developed, and unfortunately such studies are not available at this time. 132
Page 1 and 2:
Tracing the Source of the Elephant
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Table of Contents List of Tables iv
Page 5 and 6:
Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
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List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
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Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
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skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
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incisors”) of the elephant. Each
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Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
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perpendicular to the tubules....[co
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Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
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for the elephant, is where the dent
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Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
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pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
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emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
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near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
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Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
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Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
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Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
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Figure 16: Present distribution of
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Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
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flooding and dense human population
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BCE), mentions imports of approxima
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The degree of contact between the L
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Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
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are lacking in North Africa, but th
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Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
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Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
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elephants show a lower preference f
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similar to those of the African ele
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Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
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of the waste pieces may be reused f
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ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
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century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
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ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
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Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
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Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
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Much of the discussion about Palest
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(Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
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argues that for both of the types
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The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
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study residence and mobility. Katze
Page 93 and 94: feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
Page 95 and 96: 4‰ lower than those of marine pla
Page 97 and 98: Studies which have focused on evalu
Page 99 and 100: sediments in one area had isotopic
Page 101 and 102: local environment, and thus answer
Page 103 and 104: Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
Page 105 and 106: Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
Page 109 and 110: wide, straight lips of the hippo en
Page 111 and 112: unlikely that many were actually ea
Page 113 and 114: proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
Page 115 and 116: diet as interpreted from the stable
Page 117 and 118: had larger ranges than those elepha
Page 119 and 120: Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
Page 121 and 122: fact adapted to the desert, and thi
Page 123 and 124: Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
Page 127 and 128: Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
Page 129 and 130: Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
Page 131 and 132: Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
Page 133 and 134: Table 6 (continued) 120
Page 135 and 136: Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 137 and 138: Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 139 and 140: Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
Page 141 and 142: In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
Page 143: (Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
Page 147 and 148: Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
Page 149 and 150: The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
Page 151 and 152: The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
Page 153 and 154: and water and sediment from the Nil
Page 155 and 156: Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
Page 157 and 158: Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
Page 159 and 160: Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
Page 161 and 162: strontium data from Betton and Cive
Page 163 and 164: These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
Page 165 and 166: Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
Page 167 and 168: Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
Page 171 and 172: Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
Page 173 and 174: USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
Page 175 and 176: Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 177 and 178: Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
Page 181 and 182: d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
Page 183 and 184: and hippopotami are grazers. To com
Page 185 and 186: fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
Page 187 and 188: opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
Page 189 and 190: international environment. The LBA
Page 191 and 192: ecause they were subject to taxatio
Page 193 and 194: were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
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scientific archaeometric angle and
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Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
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compare, the more unique the region
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Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
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Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
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Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
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Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
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Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
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Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
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Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
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van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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