Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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usually archaeologically invisible trade in raw materials (often including vast amounts of metal), and serves as a calibration for the archaeological record (Bass 1991; Sherratt and Sherratt 1991: 373). The Uluburun is, moreover, confidentially interpreted as a royal or ruling elite shipment which was following a tramping counter-clockwise course to the Aegean when it sank (Bass 1991: 76). The archaeological and historical context of ivory is characteristically elite- centered, being socially embedded in dialogues of power, conspicuous consumption, and royal gift-exchange. Recognition of the archaeological correlates of social stratification has been one of the first steps in the interpretation of the material record, followed by a focus on the rich and powerful and what was seen as the historically important major political actors. The acknowledgment of the significance of other social classes and everyday events to the overall reconstruction of culture history was a just counter-balance to the previous emphasis on the rich, powerful, and “history-worthy.” It forced archaeologists to unleash cultures from bounded homogenous units and refract the result into a spectrum of heterogeneity where population-oriented rather than typology-oriented thinking was required. Thus I argue that while the ruling class and elites have been the subject of much (some would say too much) archaeological research, it is worth considering their role again in light of an unbounded, population-focused, concept of culture (see also Schortman 2001: 372). So in the analysis of LBA trade the culture of the elite, the culture of merchants, and the culture of craft specialists must be considered. The ruling elite and their merchants, who served as ambassadors of sorts in trading ventures which were essentially diplomacy via gift-exchange, were operating in an increasingly 175
international environment. The LBA is known for its cosmopolitan and internationalizing character, and artisans in their workshops were carving in an Internationalizing style which reflected the times. In this setting the ivory trade represents these lateral relationships throughout the eastern Mediterranean. Previous discussions on Late Bronze Age trade centered around Levantine versus Aegean agency were not useful. This discourse had quite a bit of momentum in the literature (e.g. Liverani 1987: 68) and the Uluburun shipwreck was unwittingly pulled into these discussions (see Bass 1991; Knapp 1993: 335). As Knapp (1993) and Sherratt and Sherratt (1991: 337) argued, looking for specific agents of trade within nationalities (Syrian/Canaanite/Semitic versus Minoan/Mycenaean) is misleading, for reasons discussed above and also because no monopoly on trade or thalassocracy existed at this time. So many were trading that there were no serious inequalities in trade in the region. More useful are those discussions taking centralized royal trade initiatives versus decentralized cabotage merchant trade as their starting point. These debates have focused on economic theory and the role of merchants in attempting to illuminate the mechanisms of LBA trade. The “primitivist” or “substantivist” (per Karl Polanyi) schools of economic thought considered the economy as driven by reciprocity (including royal gift- exchange) and redistribution. The large storage facilities of the palace economies of the Aegean and Near East were taken as evidence of redistributive economies focused on the internal procurement of resources, and thus import-led trade. Most important, ancient economics could not be interpreted in modern economic frameworks (because they were not market economies), and the ancient economy was socially embedded. Short distance redistributive trade was viewed as more important than long-distance trade (Sherratt and 176
Page 1 and 2:
Tracing the Source of the Elephant
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Table of Contents List of Tables iv
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Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
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List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
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Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
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skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
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incisors”) of the elephant. Each
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Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
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perpendicular to the tubules....[co
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Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
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for the elephant, is where the dent
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Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
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pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
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emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
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near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
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Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
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Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
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Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
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Figure 16: Present distribution of
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Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
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flooding and dense human population
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BCE), mentions imports of approxima
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The degree of contact between the L
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Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
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are lacking in North Africa, but th
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Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
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Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
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elephants show a lower preference f
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similar to those of the African ele
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Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
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of the waste pieces may be reused f
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ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
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century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
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ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
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Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
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Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
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Much of the discussion about Palest
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(Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
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argues that for both of the types
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The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
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study residence and mobility. Katze
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feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
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4‰ lower than those of marine pla
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Studies which have focused on evalu
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sediments in one area had isotopic
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local environment, and thus answer
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Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
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Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
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Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
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wide, straight lips of the hippo en
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unlikely that many were actually ea
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proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
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diet as interpreted from the stable
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had larger ranges than those elepha
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Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
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fact adapted to the desert, and thi
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Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
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Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
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Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
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Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
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Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
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Table 6 (continued) 120
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Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 137 and 138: Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 139 and 140: Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
Page 141 and 142: In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
Page 143 and 144: (Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
Page 145 and 146: fault and is filled with flood-basa
Page 147 and 148: Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
Page 149 and 150: The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
Page 151 and 152: The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
Page 153 and 154: and water and sediment from the Nil
Page 155 and 156: Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
Page 157 and 158: Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
Page 159 and 160: Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
Page 161 and 162: strontium data from Betton and Cive
Page 163 and 164: These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
Page 165 and 166: Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
Page 167 and 168: Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
Page 171 and 172: Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
Page 173 and 174: USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
Page 175 and 176: Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 177 and 178: Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
Page 181 and 182: d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
Page 183 and 184: and hippopotami are grazers. To com
Page 185 and 186: fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
Page 187: opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
Page 191 and 192: ecause they were subject to taxatio
Page 193 and 194: were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
Page 195 and 196: scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
Page 199 and 200: compare, the more unique the region
Page 201 and 202: Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
Page 203 and 204: Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
Page 205 and 206: Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
Page 207 and 208: Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
Page 209 and 210: Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
Page 211 and 212: Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
Page 213 and 214: Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
Page 215 and 216: van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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