Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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completion. Sample USF 5879 (KW 3842) was lost after this first 24 hour period, indicating the sample was poorly preserved and had retained no viable collagen. The HCl solution was poured off and replaced with fresh HCl solution, and allowed to sit for another 24 hours. After 24 hours the remaining ivory samples (USF 5876, 5877, and 5878) exhibited a clear solution (that is, was not colored yellow) and no bubbles, so the samples were removed from solution and dried in the oven at 60°C for 24 hours. The HCl solutions of the remaining bone samples (USF 5880, 5881, and 5882) were replaced and the samples allowed to sit another 24 hours. This was again repeated the next day, and samples USF 5881 (MTA 2711) and USF 5882 (MTA X) were lost during this stage. Ten ivory samples (KW 744, KW 1182, KW 1192, KW 1523, KW 2557, KW 2877, KW 3614, KW 162, KW 3842, and KW 2534) and 3 bone samples (MTA 2142, MTA 2711, and MTA X) were selected for apatite (see Table 10). The ivory and bone apatite samples for carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratio analysis were also prepared according to the laboratory protocol of the Laboratory of Archaeological Science at the University of South Florida. The samples were ultrasonically cleaned in acetone, the solution poured off, and the samples were dried in the drying oven at 60°C for 24 hours. Approximately 20 mg of each sample was weighed out and pulverized using a mortar and pestle. The samples were treated with 1 ml of 1M acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer solution for 24 hours, after which the samples were centrifuged and the solution was poured off. The samples were then rinsed with distilled water and centrifuged again, and this process of rinsing with distilled water and centrifuging was repeated four times. The samples were dried in the oven at 60°C for 24 hours, and the resulting ivory or bone powder of each sample was weighed. The collagen and apatite samples were analyzed by 159
USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Apatite samples for analysis of carbon and oxygen isotope ratios Site Country Material Sample Description Initial weight (mg) 160 Final weight 5862 KW 744 Uluburun Turkey Ivory Hippopotamus canine 27.98 22.63 1210 5863 KW 1182 Uluburun Turkey Ivory Hippopotamus tusk fragment 23.20 19.74 925 5864 KW 1192 Uluburun Turkey Ivory Hippopotamus canine 27.35 23.88 1175 5865 KW 1523 Uluburun Turkey Ivory Hippopotamus canine 25.40 21.80 1202 5866 KW 2557 Uluburun Turkey Ivory Hippopotamus tusk fragment 24.89 21.51 1190 5867 KW 2877 Uluburun Turkey Ivory Hippopotamus incisor 20.82 17.52 1091 5868 KW 3614 Uluburun Turkey Ivory Hippopotamus incisor 25.34 21.01 1088 5869 KW 162 Uluburun Turkey Ivory Elephant tusk 33.24 28.59 1227 (mg) Sample weight for MS (µg) 5870 KW 3842 Uluburun Turkey Ivory Elephant tusk 31.63 25.91 1184 5871 KW 2534 Uluburun Turkey Ivory Artifact (Duck-shaped cosmetic container) 25.25 6.67 1123 5873 MTA 2142 Maraş Fili Turkey Molar Elephas Maximus molar. Last pre-erupted molar from left jaw cavity 31.46 25.60 998 5874 MTA 2711 Maraş Fili Turkey Bone Rib of Elephas Maximus. Flakes from left anterior rib (rib 3, 4, or 5) 37.08 28.21 1019 5875 MTA X Maraş Fili Turkey Bone Rib of Elephas Maximas 31.07 22.00 1092
Page 1 and 2:
Tracing the Source of the Elephant
Page 3 and 4:
Table of Contents List of Tables iv
Page 5 and 6:
Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
Page 7 and 8:
List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
Page 11 and 12:
Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
Page 15 and 16:
skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
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incisors”) of the elephant. Each
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Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
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perpendicular to the tubules....[co
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Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
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for the elephant, is where the dent
Page 33 and 34:
Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
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pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
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emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
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near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
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Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
Page 43 and 44:
Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
Page 45 and 46:
Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 16: Present distribution of
Page 49 and 50:
Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
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flooding and dense human population
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BCE), mentions imports of approxima
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The degree of contact between the L
Page 57 and 58:
Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
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are lacking in North Africa, but th
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Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
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Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
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elephants show a lower preference f
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similar to those of the African ele
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Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
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of the waste pieces may be reused f
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ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
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century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
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ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
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Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
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Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
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Much of the discussion about Palest
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(Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
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argues that for both of the types
Page 89 and 90:
The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
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study residence and mobility. Katze
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feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
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4‰ lower than those of marine pla
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Studies which have focused on evalu
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sediments in one area had isotopic
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local environment, and thus answer
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Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
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Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
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Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
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wide, straight lips of the hippo en
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unlikely that many were actually ea
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proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
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diet as interpreted from the stable
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had larger ranges than those elepha
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Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
Page 121 and 122: fact adapted to the desert, and thi
Page 123 and 124: Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
Page 127 and 128: Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
Page 129 and 130: Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
Page 131 and 132: Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
Page 133 and 134: Table 6 (continued) 120
Page 135 and 136: Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 137 and 138: Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 139 and 140: Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
Page 141 and 142: In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
Page 143 and 144: (Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
Page 145 and 146: fault and is filled with flood-basa
Page 147 and 148: Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
Page 149 and 150: The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
Page 151 and 152: The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
Page 153 and 154: and water and sediment from the Nil
Page 155 and 156: Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
Page 157 and 158: Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
Page 159 and 160: Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
Page 161 and 162: strontium data from Betton and Cive
Page 163 and 164: These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
Page 165 and 166: Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
Page 167 and 168: Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
Page 171: Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
Page 175 and 176: Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 177 and 178: Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
Page 181 and 182: d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
Page 183 and 184: and hippopotami are grazers. To com
Page 185 and 186: fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
Page 187 and 188: opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
Page 189 and 190: international environment. The LBA
Page 191 and 192: ecause they were subject to taxatio
Page 193 and 194: were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
Page 195 and 196: scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
Page 199 and 200: compare, the more unique the region
Page 201 and 202: Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
Page 203 and 204: Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
Page 205 and 206: Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
Page 207 and 208: Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
Page 209 and 210: Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
Page 211 and 212: Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
Page 213 and 214: Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
Page 215 and 216: van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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