Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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Figure 48: Locations of the metalliferous sediment samples associated with the ophiolitic rocks of the Baër-Bassit area, northwestern Syria. 3 = ophiolitic rocks; 4 = deformed Triassic-Upper Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary association tectonically underlying the ophiolitic rocks; 5 = upper Maestrichtian-Pliovene shallow-water marine carbonates (Gale et al 1981: 1295, figure 3). 133
Figure 49: Geologic and fault map of Northwestern Syria (Brew 2001, figure 4.3). 134
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Tracing the Source of the Elephant
Page 3 and 4:
Table of Contents List of Tables iv
Page 5 and 6:
Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
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List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
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Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
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skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
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incisors”) of the elephant. Each
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Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
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perpendicular to the tubules....[co
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Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
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for the elephant, is where the dent
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Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
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pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
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emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
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near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
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Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
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Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
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Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
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Figure 16: Present distribution of
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Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
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flooding and dense human population
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BCE), mentions imports of approxima
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The degree of contact between the L
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Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
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are lacking in North Africa, but th
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Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
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Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
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elephants show a lower preference f
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similar to those of the African ele
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Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
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of the waste pieces may be reused f
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ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
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century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
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ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
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Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
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Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
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Much of the discussion about Palest
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(Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
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argues that for both of the types
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The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
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study residence and mobility. Katze
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feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
Page 95 and 96: 4‰ lower than those of marine pla
Page 97 and 98: Studies which have focused on evalu
Page 99 and 100: sediments in one area had isotopic
Page 101 and 102: local environment, and thus answer
Page 103 and 104: Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
Page 105 and 106: Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
Page 109 and 110: wide, straight lips of the hippo en
Page 111 and 112: unlikely that many were actually ea
Page 113 and 114: proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
Page 115 and 116: diet as interpreted from the stable
Page 117 and 118: had larger ranges than those elepha
Page 119 and 120: Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
Page 121 and 122: fact adapted to the desert, and thi
Page 123 and 124: Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
Page 127 and 128: Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
Page 129 and 130: Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
Page 131 and 132: Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
Page 133 and 134: Table 6 (continued) 120
Page 135 and 136: Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 137 and 138: Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 139 and 140: Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
Page 141 and 142: In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
Page 143 and 144: (Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
Page 145: fault and is filled with flood-basa
Page 149 and 150: The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
Page 151 and 152: The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
Page 153 and 154: and water and sediment from the Nil
Page 155 and 156: Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
Page 157 and 158: Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
Page 159 and 160: Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
Page 161 and 162: strontium data from Betton and Cive
Page 163 and 164: These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
Page 165 and 166: Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
Page 167 and 168: Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
Page 171 and 172: Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
Page 173 and 174: USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
Page 175 and 176: Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 177 and 178: Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
Page 181 and 182: d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
Page 183 and 184: and hippopotami are grazers. To com
Page 185 and 186: fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
Page 187 and 188: opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
Page 189 and 190: international environment. The LBA
Page 191 and 192: ecause they were subject to taxatio
Page 193 and 194: were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
Page 195 and 196: scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198:
Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
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compare, the more unique the region
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Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
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Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
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Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
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Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
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Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
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Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
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Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
Page 215 and 216:
van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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