Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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the east. Elephant molars have also been found at Ugarit and identified as coming from the Asian species (Elephas maximas) (Hooijer 1978: 187-188, cited by Krzyszkowska 1990: 27). Other early evidence for the Syrian elephant, albeit in the form of tusks, comes from Chagar Bazar in the Jezirah (c. 2000 B.C.), Megiddo, and the destruction level of the 18th century B.C. palace of Alalakh in northwest Syria (Scullard 1974: 30; Miller 1986: 30). Alalakh also yielded examples of worked ivory from the early 2 nd millennium B.C., as did Ebla and Byblos. Pre-cut pieces of elephant ivory were interpreted as evidence for an active ivory workshop in Acemhöyük in Anatolia (Bourgeois 1993: 63). Historical evidence from Egypt also advocates for a Syrian source of elephant ivory. Thutmosis I recorded his endeavors of hunting elephants, as did his grandson Thutmosis III. The Annals of Tuthmosis III include 18 elephant tusks as tribute from Syria-Palestine circa 1439 B.C. (Hayward 1990: 103). However, he also claims to have hunted and killed 120 elephants in Neya (or Niy), a region reconstructed as being located in the Ghab north of Hama, the Orontes Valley, or the Euphrates region near Aleppo, but nevertheless somewhere in Northwestern Syria (Miller 1986: 31; Krzyszkowska 1990: 15; Hayward 1990: 103-4; Kuhrt 1995: 323; see Figure 22 for location of Ghab and the Orontes Valley). In the Tomb of Rekhmire (the vizier to Thutmosis II) Syrians are depicted as bringing an elephant as tribute (smaller than life-size- perhaps ascribable to artistic license; see Figure 23) (Krzyszkowska 1990: 14; Scullard 1974: 28). The fourteenth century B.C. tombs of Meryra II and Huya also represent Syrians as bringing copper oxhide ingots and elephant tusks (Bass 1997: 160). 49
Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley and the Orontes River, reconstructed as the region in which Tuthmosis III hunted Syrian elephants (adapted from Yasuda et al. 2000: 128). Figure 23: Relief from the Tomb of Rekhmire, depicting Syrian elephants brought as tribute (Krzyszkowska 1990: 14, figure 2). 50
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Tracing the Source of the Elephant
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Table of Contents List of Tables iv
Page 5 and 6:
Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
Page 7 and 8:
List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
Page 9 and 10:
Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
Page 11 and 12: Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 13 and 14: “merchants” to a larger degree
Page 15 and 16: skeletal part to verify the presenc
Page 17 and 18: possibility of sophisticated scient
Page 19 and 20: B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
Page 21 and 22: urbanization at centers such as Enk
Page 23 and 24: incisors”) of the elephant. Each
Page 25 and 26: Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
Page 27 and 28: perpendicular to the tubules....[co
Page 29 and 30: Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
Page 31 and 32: for the elephant, is where the dent
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
Page 35 and 36: pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
Page 37 and 38: emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
Page 39 and 40: near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
Page 41 and 42: Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
Page 43 and 44: Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
Page 47 and 48: Figure 16: Present distribution of
Page 49 and 50: Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
Page 51 and 52: flooding and dense human population
Page 53 and 54: BCE), mentions imports of approxima
Page 55 and 56: The degree of contact between the L
Page 57 and 58: Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
Page 59 and 60: are lacking in North Africa, but th
Page 61: Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
Page 65 and 66: elephants show a lower preference f
Page 67 and 68: similar to those of the African ele
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
Page 71 and 72: of the waste pieces may be reused f
Page 73 and 74: ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
Page 75 and 76: century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
Page 77 and 78: ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
Page 79 and 80: Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
Page 81 and 82: Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
Page 83 and 84: Much of the discussion about Palest
Page 85 and 86: (Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
Page 87 and 88: argues that for both of the types
Page 89 and 90: The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
Page 91 and 92: study residence and mobility. Katze
Page 93 and 94: feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
Page 95 and 96: 4‰ lower than those of marine pla
Page 97 and 98: Studies which have focused on evalu
Page 99 and 100: sediments in one area had isotopic
Page 101 and 102: local environment, and thus answer
Page 103 and 104: Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
Page 105 and 106: Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
Page 109 and 110: wide, straight lips of the hippo en
Page 111 and 112: unlikely that many were actually ea
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proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
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diet as interpreted from the stable
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had larger ranges than those elepha
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Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
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fact adapted to the desert, and thi
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Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
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Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
Page 127 and 128:
Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
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Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
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Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
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Table 6 (continued) 120
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Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
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In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
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(Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
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fault and is filled with flood-basa
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Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
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The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
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The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
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and water and sediment from the Nil
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Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
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Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
Page 159 and 160:
Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
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strontium data from Betton and Cive
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These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
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Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
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Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
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Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
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Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
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USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
Page 175 and 176:
Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
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Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
Page 179 and 180:
Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
Page 181 and 182:
d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
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and hippopotami are grazers. To com
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fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
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opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
Page 189 and 190:
international environment. The LBA
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ecause they were subject to taxatio
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were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
Page 195 and 196:
scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198:
Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
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compare, the more unique the region
Page 201 and 202:
Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
Page 203 and 204:
Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
Page 205 and 206:
Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
Page 207 and 208:
Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
Page 209 and 210:
Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
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Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
Page 213 and 214:
Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
Page 215 and 216:
van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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