Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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Dudley, J.P. 1996. Record of carnivory, scavanging and predation for Hippopotamus amphibius in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. Mammalia 60: 486-488. Dudley, J.P. 1998. Reports of carnivory by the common hippo Hippopotamus Amphibius. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 28(2): 58-59. Dunham, K.M. 1990. Fruit production by Acacia albida trees in Zambezi riverine woodlands. Journal of Tropical Ecology 6: 445-457. Eltringham, S.K. 1980. A quantitative assessment of range usage by large African animals with particular reference to the effects of elephants on trees. African Journal of Ecology 18: 53-71. Eltringham, S.K. 1993. The Common Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). In (W.L.R. Oliver, Ed.) Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos. Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 43-55. Eltringham, S.K. 1999. The hippos: Natural history and conservation. London: T & A.D. Poyser. Ericson, J.E. 1985. Strontium isotope characterization in the study of prehistoric human ecology. Journal of Human Evolution 14: 503-514. Ericson, J.E. 1989. Some problems and potentials of strontium isotope analysis for human and animal ecology. In (P.W. Rundel, J.R. Ehleringer and K.A. Nagy, Eds.) Stable Isotopes in Ecological Research. Ecological Studies 68: 252-259. Ezzo , J.A., Johnson, C.M., and Price, T.D. 1997. Analytical perspectives on prehistoric migration: a case study from east-central Arizona. Journal of Archaeological Science 24: 447-466. Fagles, R. 1996. The Odyssey. New York: Penguin. Faleschini, G. 1999. La “stele” dell’ippopotamo nel Messak Mellet (Fezzan, Libia). Sahara 11: 141-142. Field, C.R. 1970. A study of the feeding habits of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius Linn.) in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, with some management implications. Zoologica Africana 5: 71-86. Field, C.R. 1971. Elephant ecology in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. East African Wildlife Journal 9: 99-123. Finley, M.I. 1965. Classical Greece. Trade and Politics in the Ancient World: Deuxieme conference internationale d’histoire economique 1: 11-35. 191
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Page 1 and 2:
Tracing the Source of the Elephant
Page 3 and 4:
Table of Contents List of Tables iv
Page 5 and 6:
Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
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List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
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Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
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skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
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incisors”) of the elephant. Each
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Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
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perpendicular to the tubules....[co
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Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
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for the elephant, is where the dent
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Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
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pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
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emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
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near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
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Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
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Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
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Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
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Figure 16: Present distribution of
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Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
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flooding and dense human population
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BCE), mentions imports of approxima
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The degree of contact between the L
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Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
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are lacking in North Africa, but th
Page 61 and 62:
Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
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Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
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elephants show a lower preference f
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similar to those of the African ele
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Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
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of the waste pieces may be reused f
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ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
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century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
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ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
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Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
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Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
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Much of the discussion about Palest
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(Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
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argues that for both of the types
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The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
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study residence and mobility. Katze
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feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
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4‰ lower than those of marine pla
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Studies which have focused on evalu
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sediments in one area had isotopic
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local environment, and thus answer
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Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
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Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
Page 107 and 108:
Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
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wide, straight lips of the hippo en
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unlikely that many were actually ea
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proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
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diet as interpreted from the stable
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had larger ranges than those elepha
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Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
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fact adapted to the desert, and thi
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Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
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Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
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Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
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Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
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Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
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Table 6 (continued) 120
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Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
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In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
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(Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
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fault and is filled with flood-basa
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Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
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The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
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The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
Page 153 and 154: and water and sediment from the Nil
Page 155 and 156: Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
Page 157 and 158: Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
Page 159 and 160: Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
Page 161 and 162: strontium data from Betton and Cive
Page 163 and 164: These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
Page 165 and 166: Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
Page 167 and 168: Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
Page 171 and 172: Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
Page 173 and 174: USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
Page 175 and 176: Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 177 and 178: Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
Page 181 and 182: d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
Page 183 and 184: and hippopotami are grazers. To com
Page 185 and 186: fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
Page 187 and 188: opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
Page 189 and 190: international environment. The LBA
Page 191 and 192: ecause they were subject to taxatio
Page 193 and 194: were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
Page 195 and 196: scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
Page 199 and 200: compare, the more unique the region
Page 201 and 202: Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
Page 203: Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
Page 207 and 208: Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
Page 209 and 210: Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
Page 211 and 212: Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
Page 213 and 214: Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
Page 215 and 216: van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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