Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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composition of the rock. Thus geologists use Sr ratios to date geological formations by the proportion of 87 Rb that has decayed. The higher the initial Rb/Sr ratios and the older the rock, the higher the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio (van der Merwe et al. 1990: 746; Price et al. 1998: 407; 2000: 906; 2002: 118; Vogel et al. 1990: 747; Koch et al. 1995: 1340-3). This ratio value will be virtually similar in the rock, groundwater, soil, plants and animals of the region, due to the fact that the relative mass differences between 87 Sr and 86 Sr are small and therefore no isotopic fractionation takes place (some exceptions are discussed below). The strontium in the soil is absorbed by the water and then up into the food chain, where it is then deposited in the hard tissues (such as bone and ivory) in animals (Ericson 1985: 503; Koch et al. 1995: 1340-3; Price et al. 1998: 407; 2000: 906; 2002: 118, 121). 86 Sr, on the other hand, is a stable isotope (Koch et al. 1995: 1340-3). 88 Sr is the most abundant strontium isotope in nature (c. 82.53%) whereas 87 Sr makes up 7.04%, 86 Sr 9.87%, and 84 Sr 0.56% of all strontium. As a result, the total global ratio of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr is approximately 0.71327 (7.04/9.87) (Price et al. 1998; 2000; 2002). Research on strontium levels across the globe have already discovered some generalizations regarding strontium levels. Sr ratios usually range between 0.700 to 0.750 across the globe. Overall, animals in areas with old granitic crust have high Sr isotope ratios (>0.715), whereas in areas with young volcanic, basaltic, or marine sediments the animals will have low values (Koch et al. 1995: 1340-3; van der Merwe et al. 1990: 746). Young volcanic soils, such as those found in the Rift Valley, have ratios similar to the value of ocean water: 0.70906. In fact the strontium budget of the ocean remains remarkably homogeneous due to the long residence of Sr in a rapidly mixing environment (Stein et al. 2000: 2039). In a study by Price et al. (1998: 407) the granitic 85
sediments in one area had isotopic ratios greater than 0.710, but even ranging to 0.750 and higher, whereas the glacial origin loess and marine carbonates (glacially redeposited chalk sediments) had strontium isotope ratios ranging between 0.708 and 0.710. The difference in these values enabled him to track migration in the Bell Beaker culture. Geologically young rocks (
Page 1 and 2:
Tracing the Source of the Elephant
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Table of Contents List of Tables iv
Page 5 and 6:
Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
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List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
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Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
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skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
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incisors”) of the elephant. Each
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Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
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perpendicular to the tubules....[co
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Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
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for the elephant, is where the dent
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Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
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pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
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emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
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near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
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Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
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Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
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Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
Page 47 and 48: Figure 16: Present distribution of
Page 49 and 50: Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
Page 51 and 52: flooding and dense human population
Page 53 and 54: BCE), mentions imports of approxima
Page 55 and 56: The degree of contact between the L
Page 57 and 58: Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
Page 59 and 60: are lacking in North Africa, but th
Page 61 and 62: Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
Page 63 and 64: Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
Page 65 and 66: elephants show a lower preference f
Page 67 and 68: similar to those of the African ele
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
Page 71 and 72: of the waste pieces may be reused f
Page 73 and 74: ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
Page 75 and 76: century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
Page 77 and 78: ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
Page 79 and 80: Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
Page 81 and 82: Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
Page 83 and 84: Much of the discussion about Palest
Page 85 and 86: (Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
Page 87 and 88: argues that for both of the types
Page 89 and 90: The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
Page 91 and 92: study residence and mobility. Katze
Page 93 and 94: feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
Page 95 and 96: 4‰ lower than those of marine pla
Page 97: Studies which have focused on evalu
Page 101 and 102: local environment, and thus answer
Page 103 and 104: Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
Page 105 and 106: Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
Page 109 and 110: wide, straight lips of the hippo en
Page 111 and 112: unlikely that many were actually ea
Page 113 and 114: proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
Page 115 and 116: diet as interpreted from the stable
Page 117 and 118: had larger ranges than those elepha
Page 119 and 120: Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
Page 121 and 122: fact adapted to the desert, and thi
Page 123 and 124: Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
Page 127 and 128: Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
Page 129 and 130: Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
Page 131 and 132: Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
Page 133 and 134: Table 6 (continued) 120
Page 135 and 136: Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 137 and 138: Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 139 and 140: Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
Page 141 and 142: In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
Page 143 and 144: (Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
Page 145 and 146: fault and is filled with flood-basa
Page 147 and 148: Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
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The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
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The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
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and water and sediment from the Nil
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Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
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Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
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Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
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strontium data from Betton and Cive
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These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
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Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
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Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
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Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
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Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
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USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
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Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
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Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
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Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
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d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
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and hippopotami are grazers. To com
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fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
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opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
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international environment. The LBA
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ecause they were subject to taxatio
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were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
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scientific archaeometric angle and
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Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
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compare, the more unique the region
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Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
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Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
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Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
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Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
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Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
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Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
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Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
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van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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