Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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Reese, D.S., and Krzyszkowska, O.H. 1996. Elephant ivory at Minoan Kommos. In (J.W. Shaw and M.C. Shaw, Eds.) Kommos I/2: The Kommos Region and Houses of the Minoan Town, pp. 324-328. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Reese, D.S. 1998. Appendix III: A hippopotamus tooth from Hala Sultan Tekke. In (P. Åström, Ed.) The Wells. Hala Sultan Tekke 10. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology XLV: 140-145. Jonsered: Paul Åströms Förlag. Reese, D.S. 2001. Some comments on the Akrotiri Aetokremnos fauna. In (S. Swiny, Ed.), The Earliest Prehistory of Cyprus: From Colonization to Exploitation, pp. 19-36. American Schools of Oriental Research Reports 5. Cyprus American Archaeological Research Institute Monograph Series 2. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research. Reinhardt, E.G., Patterson, R.T., Blenkinsop, J., and Raban, A. 1998. Paleoenvironmental evolution of the inner absin of the ancient harbor at Caesarea Maritima, Israel; foraminiferal and Sr isotopic evidence. Revue de Paleobiologie 17: 1- 21. Rogers, N., Macdonald, R., Fitton, J.G., George, R., Smith, M., and Barreiro, B. 2000. Two mantle plumes beneath the East African rift system: Sr, Nd and Pb isotope evidence from Kenya Rift basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 176: 387-400. Schaaf, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D. 2002. Strontium and neodymium isotopic study of Libyan Desert Glass: Inherited Pan-African age signatures and new evidence for target material. Meteoritics and Planetary Science 37: 565-576. Schandelmeier, H, and Darbyshire, D.P.F. 1984. Metamorphic and magmatic events in Uweinat-Bir Safsaf uplift (Western Desert, Egypt). Geologische Rundschau 73: 819-831. Schilman, B., Bar-Matthews, M., Almogi-Labin, A., and Luz, B. 2001. Global climate instability reflected by Eastern Mediterranean marine records during the late Holocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 176: 157-176. Scullard, H.H. 1974. The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World. Cambridge: Thames & Hudson Schortman, E. 2001. CA response to “The Bronze Age: unique instance of a preindustrial world system?” by S. Ratnagar. Current Anthropology 42: 371-372. Sealy, J.C., Armstrong, R., and Schrire, C. 1995. Beyond lifetime averages: Tracing life histories through isotopic analysis of different calcified tissues from archaeological human skeletons. Antiquity 69: 290-300. 199
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Tracing the Source of the Elephant
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Table of Contents List of Tables iv
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Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
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List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
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Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
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skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
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incisors”) of the elephant. Each
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Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
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perpendicular to the tubules....[co
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Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
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for the elephant, is where the dent
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Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
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pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
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emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
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near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
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Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
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Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
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Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
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Figure 16: Present distribution of
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Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
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flooding and dense human population
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BCE), mentions imports of approxima
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The degree of contact between the L
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Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
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are lacking in North Africa, but th
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Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
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Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
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elephants show a lower preference f
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similar to those of the African ele
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Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
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of the waste pieces may be reused f
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ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
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century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
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ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
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Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
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Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
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Much of the discussion about Palest
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(Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
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argues that for both of the types
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The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
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study residence and mobility. Katze
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feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
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4‰ lower than those of marine pla
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Studies which have focused on evalu
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sediments in one area had isotopic
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local environment, and thus answer
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Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
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Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
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Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
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wide, straight lips of the hippo en
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unlikely that many were actually ea
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proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
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diet as interpreted from the stable
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had larger ranges than those elepha
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Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
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fact adapted to the desert, and thi
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Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
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Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
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Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
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Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
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Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
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Table 6 (continued) 120
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Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
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In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
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(Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
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fault and is filled with flood-basa
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Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
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The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
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The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
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and water and sediment from the Nil
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Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
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Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
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Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
Page 161 and 162: strontium data from Betton and Cive
Page 163 and 164: These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
Page 165 and 166: Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
Page 167 and 168: Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
Page 171 and 172: Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
Page 173 and 174: USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
Page 175 and 176: Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 177 and 178: Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
Page 181 and 182: d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
Page 183 and 184: and hippopotami are grazers. To com
Page 185 and 186: fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
Page 187 and 188: opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
Page 189 and 190: international environment. The LBA
Page 191 and 192: ecause they were subject to taxatio
Page 193 and 194: were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
Page 195 and 196: scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
Page 199 and 200: compare, the more unique the region
Page 201 and 202: Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
Page 203 and 204: Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
Page 205 and 206: Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
Page 207 and 208: Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
Page 209 and 210: Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
Page 211: Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
Page 215 and 216: van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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