Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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Hippopotamus Ivory As explained previously, hippopotamus ivory is also composed of permanent, continuous-growth dentine, but is formed differently from elephant ivory (Eltringham 1999: 14; Krzyszkowska 1990: 38, 47). Dentine in hippopotamus ivory is recognized as more dense and whiter than elephant ivory due to a tighter packing of smaller dentinal tubules, and is thus less predisposed to decay. Moreover, whereas the lamellae in elephant ivory are very regular and even, in the hippopotamus they are wavy and discontinuous. The tusk size of the hippopotamus also varies with age and sex. The tusks of the hippo are depicted below in Figure 3. The large lower incisor (I1) and lower canine (C1) are, by far, the most frequently utilized hippopotamus ivory. These will therefore be discussed in further detail. The incisors and canines are not used by the hippo for feeding but rather for fighting, and can be quite formidable, especially since the lower canines can approach elephant tusks in size. This fact plus the whiter color and denser structure could have rendered hippopotamus ivory more valuable or sought after than elephant ivory in ancient times, if it were not for the shape of the tusks, which are harder to work with. For instance, the triangular cross-section and curving nature of the lower canine restricts the designs which may be fashioned from it (Eltringham 1999: 14). Inlays, discs, and lids are ultimately the favored uses of hippopotamus ivory (Krzyszkowska 1990: 46). There are four canines (two larger lower ones and two shorter upper ones) all of which are ridged lengthwise. The upper and lower canines abut and keep each other sharp by grinding together. A large amount of sexual dimorphism affects the canines, so that the lower canines in males may weigh up to 1.5 kg and reach 30 cm in length, with a 15
Figure 3 : The incisors and canines of the hippopotamus: lower canine (C1), upper canine (C 1 ), large lower incisor (I1), small lower incisor (I2), and upper incisor (I 1 ) (Krzyszkowska 1990: 39, figure 14). potential upper limit of 70 cm due to a maximum 40 cm length root (Eltringham 1999: 14). Curving and with a triangular cross-section, the lower canine has three faces of different lengths (see Figure 4). The longest faces (A and B in Figure 4) are covered in a very hard (6-7 Mohs) ridged enamel and separated by a natural fracture (ii in Figure 4). The third side (C) faces towards the mouth and is protected only by cementum. The lower canine has a pulp cavity in the proximal end and visible wear on the distal end due to grinding against the upper canine (Krzyszkowska 1990: 42-43). Other than the basic morphology, another means by which to identify the lower canine of the hippopotamus is through recognition of the lamellae patterns and several other extremely diagnostic features. The transverse cross-section exhibits wavy and discontinuous sub-triangular lamellae, in addition to a “commissure” in the center where the pulp cavity once was. Towards the proximal end of the lower canine, where the pulp cavity has yet to close up, the commissure looks like an angled crack. The pulp cavity, as 16
Page 1 and 2: Tracing the Source of the Elephant
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents List of Tables iv
Page 5 and 6: Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
Page 7 and 8: List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
Page 9 and 10: Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
Page 11 and 12: Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 13 and 14: “merchants” to a larger degree
Page 15 and 16: skeletal part to verify the presenc
Page 17 and 18: possibility of sophisticated scient
Page 19 and 20: B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
Page 21 and 22: urbanization at centers such as Enk
Page 23 and 24: incisors”) of the elephant. Each
Page 25 and 26: Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
Page 27: perpendicular to the tubules....[co
Page 31 and 32: for the elephant, is where the dent
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
Page 35 and 36: pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
Page 37 and 38: emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
Page 39 and 40: near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
Page 41 and 42: Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
Page 43 and 44: Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
Page 47 and 48: Figure 16: Present distribution of
Page 49 and 50: Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
Page 51 and 52: flooding and dense human population
Page 53 and 54: BCE), mentions imports of approxima
Page 55 and 56: The degree of contact between the L
Page 57 and 58: Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
Page 59 and 60: are lacking in North Africa, but th
Page 61 and 62: Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
Page 63 and 64: Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
Page 65 and 66: elephants show a lower preference f
Page 67 and 68: similar to those of the African ele
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
Page 71 and 72: of the waste pieces may be reused f
Page 73 and 74: ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
Page 75 and 76: century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
Page 77 and 78: ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
Page 79 and 80:
Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
Page 83 and 84:
Much of the discussion about Palest
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(Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
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argues that for both of the types
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The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
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study residence and mobility. Katze
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feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
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4‰ lower than those of marine pla
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Studies which have focused on evalu
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sediments in one area had isotopic
Page 101 and 102:
local environment, and thus answer
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Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
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Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
Page 107 and 108:
Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
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wide, straight lips of the hippo en
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unlikely that many were actually ea
Page 113 and 114:
proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
Page 115 and 116:
diet as interpreted from the stable
Page 117 and 118:
had larger ranges than those elepha
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Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
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fact adapted to the desert, and thi
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Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
Page 127 and 128:
Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
Page 129 and 130:
Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
Page 133 and 134:
Table 6 (continued) 120
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 137 and 138:
Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
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In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
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(Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
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fault and is filled with flood-basa
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Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
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The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
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The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
Page 153 and 154:
and water and sediment from the Nil
Page 155 and 156:
Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
Page 159 and 160:
Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
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strontium data from Betton and Cive
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These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
Page 167 and 168:
Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
Page 169 and 170:
Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
Page 171 and 172:
Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
Page 173 and 174:
USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
Page 175 and 176:
Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 177 and 178:
Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
Page 179 and 180:
Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
Page 181 and 182:
d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
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and hippopotami are grazers. To com
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fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
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opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
Page 189 and 190:
international environment. The LBA
Page 191 and 192:
ecause they were subject to taxatio
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were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
Page 195 and 196:
scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198:
Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
Page 199 and 200:
compare, the more unique the region
Page 201 and 202:
Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
Page 203 and 204:
Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
Page 205 and 206:
Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
Page 207 and 208:
Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
Page 209 and 210:
Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
Page 211 and 212:
Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
Page 213 and 214:
Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
Page 215 and 216:
van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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