Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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Steyn, A., and Stalmans, M. 2001. Selective habitat utilisation and impact by African elephant within a heterogeneous landscape. Koedoe 44(1): 95-103. Sukumar, R., Bhattacharya, S.K., and Krishnamurthy, R.V. (1987). Carbon isotopic evidence for different feeding patterns in an Asian elephant population. Current Science 56, 11-14. Sukumar, R., and Ramesh, R. 1992. Stable carbon isotope ratios in Asian elephant collagen: implications for dietary studies. Oecologia 91: 536-539. Sukumar, R., and Ramesh, R. 1995. Elephant foraging: Is browse or grass more important? In (J.C. Daniel and H.S. Datye, Eds.) A week with elephants: proceedings of the International Seminar of the Conservation of Elephant, June 1993, pp. 368-374. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Talbot, M.R., Williams, M.A.J., and Adamson, D.A. 2000. Strontium isotope evidence for late Pleistocene reestablishment of an integrated Nile drainage network. Geology 28: 343-346. Tchamba, M.N., and Seme, P.M. 1993. Diet and feeding behavior of the forest elephant in the Santchou Reserve, Cameroon. African Journal of Ecology 31: 165-171. Tieszen, L.L., and Imbamba, S.K. 1980. Photosynthetic systems, carbon isotope discrimination and herbivore selectivity in Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 18: 237- 242. Tieszen, L.L., Boutton, T.W., Ottichilo, W.K., Nelson, D.E., and Brandt, D.H. 1989. An assessment of long-term food habits of Tsavo elephants based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen. African Journal of Ecology 27: 219-226. Tieszen, L.L., and Fagre, T. 1993. Effect of diet quality and composition on the isotopic composition of respiratory CO2, bone collagen, bioapatite, and soft tissues. In (J. B. Lambert and G. Grupe, Eds.) Prehistoric Human Bone: Archaeology at the Molecular Level, pp. 121-155. New York: Springer-Verlag. Turner, M.L., Baker, C., and du Toit, D. 2000. The spatial arrangement of collagen in African elephant (Loxodonta africana) ivory. Microscopy Society of Southern Africa Proceedings 30: 71. Tykot, R.H., and Staller, J.E. 2002. The importance of early maize agriculture in Coastal Ecuador: New data from La Emerenciana. Current Anthropology 43: 666-677. Vagnetti, L., and Lo Schiavo, F. 1989. Late Bronze Age long distance trade in the Mediterranean: the role of the Cypriots. In (E. Peltenberg, Ed.) Early society in Cyprus, pp. 217-243. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 201
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Page 1 and 2:
Tracing the Source of the Elephant
Page 3 and 4:
Table of Contents List of Tables iv
Page 5 and 6:
Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
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List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
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Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
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skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
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incisors”) of the elephant. Each
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Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
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perpendicular to the tubules....[co
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Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
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for the elephant, is where the dent
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Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
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pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
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emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
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near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
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Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
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Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
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Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
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Figure 16: Present distribution of
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Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
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flooding and dense human population
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BCE), mentions imports of approxima
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The degree of contact between the L
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Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
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are lacking in North Africa, but th
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Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
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elephants show a lower preference f
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similar to those of the African ele
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Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
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of the waste pieces may be reused f
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ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
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century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
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ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
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Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
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Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
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Much of the discussion about Palest
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(Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
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argues that for both of the types
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The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
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study residence and mobility. Katze
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feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
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4‰ lower than those of marine pla
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Studies which have focused on evalu
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sediments in one area had isotopic
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local environment, and thus answer
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Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
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Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
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Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
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wide, straight lips of the hippo en
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unlikely that many were actually ea
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proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
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diet as interpreted from the stable
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had larger ranges than those elepha
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Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
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fact adapted to the desert, and thi
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Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
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Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
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Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
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Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
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Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
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Table 6 (continued) 120
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Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
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In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
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(Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
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fault and is filled with flood-basa
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Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
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The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
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The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
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and water and sediment from the Nil
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Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
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Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
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Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
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strontium data from Betton and Cive
Page 163 and 164: These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
Page 165 and 166: Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
Page 167 and 168: Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
Page 171 and 172: Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
Page 173 and 174: USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
Page 175 and 176: Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 177 and 178: Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
Page 181 and 182: d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
Page 183 and 184: and hippopotami are grazers. To com
Page 185 and 186: fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
Page 187 and 188: opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
Page 189 and 190: international environment. The LBA
Page 191 and 192: ecause they were subject to taxatio
Page 193 and 194: were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
Page 195 and 196: scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
Page 199 and 200: compare, the more unique the region
Page 201 and 202: Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
Page 203 and 204: Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
Page 205 and 206: Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
Page 207 and 208: Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
Page 209 and 210: Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
Page 211 and 212: Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
Page 213: Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
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