Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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Graustein, W.C., and Armstrong, R. 1983. The use of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios to measure atmospheric transport into forested watersheds. Science 219: 289-292. Grousset, F.E., Parra, M., Bory, A., Martinez, P, Bertrand, P., Shiemmield, G., Ellam, R.M. 1998. Saharan wind regimes traced by the Sr-Nd isotopic composition of subtropical Atlantic sediments: Last Glacial maximum vs. today. Quaternary Science Reviews 17: 395-409. Grubb, P. 1993. The Afrotropical Hippopotamuses: Hippopotamus and Hexaprotodon. In (W.L.R. Oliver, Ed.) Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos. Switzerland: IUCN, pp. 41-43. Grupe, G., Price, T.D., Schörter, P., Söllner, F., Johnson, C., and Beard, B. 1997. Mobility of Bell Beaker people revealed by stable strontium isotope ratios of teeth and bones. A study of southern Bavarian skeletal remains. Applied Geochemistry 12: 517- 525. Grupe, G., Price, T.D., Schröter, P., and Söllner, F., 1999. Mobility of Bell Beaker people revealed by Sr isotope ratios of tooth and bone: a study of southern Bavarian skeletal remains: A reply to the comments by Peter Horn and Dieter Müller-Sohnius. Applied Geochemistry 14: 271–275. Gunneweg, J., and Michel, H.V. 1999. Does the different layout of the Late Bronze Age tombs at Laish/Dan and Akko in northern Canaan reflect different trade relations? An instrumental neutron activation study on Mycenaean pottery. Journal of Archaeological Science 26: 989-995. Harms, U., Schandelmeier, H., and Darbyshire, D.P.F. 1990. Pan-African reworked early/middle Proterozoic crust in NE Africa west of the Nile: Sr and Nd isotopic evidence. Journal of the Geological Society, London 147: 859-872. Hayward, L.G. 1990. The origin of the raw elephant ivory used in Greece and the Aegean during the Late Bronze Age. Antiquity 64: 103-109. Heaton, T.H.E., Vogel, J.C., von la Chevallerie, G., and Collett, G. 1986. Climatic influence on the isotopic composition of bone nitrogen. Nature 322: 822-823. Hodder, I. 1982. Toward a contextual approach to Prehistoric exchange. In (J.E. Ericson and T.K. Earle, Eds.) Contexts for Prehistoric exchange, pp. 199-211. New York: Academic Press. Hooijer, D.A. 1978. The Indian elephant at Bronze Age Ras Shamra, Ugarit. Ugaritica 7: 187-188. 193
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Page 1 and 2:
Tracing the Source of the Elephant
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Table of Contents List of Tables iv
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Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
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List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
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Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
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skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
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incisors”) of the elephant. Each
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Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
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perpendicular to the tubules....[co
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Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
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for the elephant, is where the dent
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Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
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pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
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emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
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near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
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Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
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Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
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Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
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Figure 16: Present distribution of
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Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
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flooding and dense human population
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BCE), mentions imports of approxima
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The degree of contact between the L
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Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
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are lacking in North Africa, but th
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Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
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Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
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elephants show a lower preference f
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similar to those of the African ele
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Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
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of the waste pieces may be reused f
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ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
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century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
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ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
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Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
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Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
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Much of the discussion about Palest
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(Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
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argues that for both of the types
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The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
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study residence and mobility. Katze
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feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
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4‰ lower than those of marine pla
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Studies which have focused on evalu
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sediments in one area had isotopic
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local environment, and thus answer
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Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
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Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
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Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
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wide, straight lips of the hippo en
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unlikely that many were actually ea
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proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
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diet as interpreted from the stable
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had larger ranges than those elepha
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Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
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fact adapted to the desert, and thi
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Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
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Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
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Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
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Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
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Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
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Table 6 (continued) 120
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Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
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In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
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(Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
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fault and is filled with flood-basa
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Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
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The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
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The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
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and water and sediment from the Nil
Page 155 and 156: Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
Page 157 and 158: Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
Page 159 and 160: Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
Page 161 and 162: strontium data from Betton and Cive
Page 163 and 164: These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
Page 165 and 166: Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
Page 167 and 168: Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
Page 171 and 172: Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
Page 173 and 174: USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
Page 175 and 176: Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 177 and 178: Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
Page 181 and 182: d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
Page 183 and 184: and hippopotami are grazers. To com
Page 185 and 186: fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
Page 187 and 188: opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
Page 189 and 190: international environment. The LBA
Page 191 and 192: ecause they were subject to taxatio
Page 193 and 194: were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
Page 195 and 196: scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
Page 199 and 200: compare, the more unique the region
Page 201 and 202: Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
Page 203 and 204: Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
Page 205: Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
Page 209 and 210: Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
Page 211 and 212: Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
Page 213 and 214: Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
Page 215 and 216: van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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