Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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Knapp, A.B. 1991. Spice, drugs, grain and grog: Organic goods in Bronze Age East Mediterranean trade. In (N.H. Gale, Ed.) Bronze Age trade in the Mediterranean: Papers presented at the conference held at Rewley House, Oxford, in December 1989, pp. 21-68. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 90. Göteburg: Paul Åströms Förlag. Knapp, A.B. 1993. Thalassocracies in Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean trade: making and breaking a myth. World Archaeology 24: 332-347. Koch, P. L., Heisinger, J., Moss, C., Carlson, R.W., Fogel, M.L. and Behrensmeyer, A.K. 1995. Isotopic tracking of change in diet and habitat use in African elephants. Science 267: 1340-1343. Koch, P.L., Tuross, N., and Fogel, M.L. 1997. The effects of sample treatment and diagenesis on the isotopic integrity of carbonate in biogenic hydroxylapatite. Journal of Archaeological Science 24: 417-429. Krom, M.D., Cliff, R.A., Eijsink, L.M., Herut, B., and Chester, R. 1999. The characterization of Saharan dusts and Nile particulate matter in surface sediments from the Levantine basin using Sr isotopes. Maritime Geology 155: 319-330. Krzyszkowska, O.H. 1990. Ivory and Related Materials: An Illustrated Guide. Classical Handbook 3; Institute of Classical Studies, Bulletin Supplement 59. London. Krzyszkowska, O.H. 1993. Aegean ivory carving: Towards an evaluation of Late Bronze Age workshop material. In (J. Lesley Fitton, Ed.) Ivory in Greece and the Mediterranean from the Bronze Age to the Hellenistic Period. British Museum Occasional Papers 85: 25-35. Küster, D., and Liégeois, J.-P. 2001. Sr, Nd isotopes and geochemistry of the Bayuda Desert high-grade metamorphic basement (Sudan): An early Pan-African oceanic convergent margin, not the edge of the East Saharan ghost craton? Precambrian Research 109: 1-23. Larsen, C.S. 1997. Bioarchaeology: Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Laws, R., Parker, I.S.C., and Johnstone, R.C.B. 1975. Elephants and Their Habitats. Oxford: Clarendon. Layser, T.R., and Buss, I.O. 1985. Observations on morphological characteristics of elephant tusks. Mammalia 49: 407-414. Liebowitz, H. 1980. Military and feast scenes on Late Bronze Palestinian ivories. Israel Exploration Journal 30: 162-169. 195
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Page 1 and 2:
Tracing the Source of the Elephant
Page 3 and 4:
Table of Contents List of Tables iv
Page 5 and 6:
Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
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List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
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Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
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skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
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incisors”) of the elephant. Each
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Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
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perpendicular to the tubules....[co
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Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
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for the elephant, is where the dent
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Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
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pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
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emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
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near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
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Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
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Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
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Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
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Figure 16: Present distribution of
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Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
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flooding and dense human population
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BCE), mentions imports of approxima
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The degree of contact between the L
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Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
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are lacking in North Africa, but th
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Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
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Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
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elephants show a lower preference f
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similar to those of the African ele
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Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
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of the waste pieces may be reused f
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ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
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century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
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ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
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Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
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Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
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Much of the discussion about Palest
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(Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
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argues that for both of the types
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The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
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study residence and mobility. Katze
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feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
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4‰ lower than those of marine pla
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Studies which have focused on evalu
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sediments in one area had isotopic
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local environment, and thus answer
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Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
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Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
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Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
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wide, straight lips of the hippo en
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unlikely that many were actually ea
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proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
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diet as interpreted from the stable
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had larger ranges than those elepha
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Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
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fact adapted to the desert, and thi
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Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
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Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
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Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
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Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
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Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
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Table 6 (continued) 120
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Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
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In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
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(Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
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fault and is filled with flood-basa
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Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
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The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
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The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
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and water and sediment from the Nil
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Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
Page 157 and 158: Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
Page 159 and 160: Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
Page 161 and 162: strontium data from Betton and Cive
Page 163 and 164: These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
Page 165 and 166: Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
Page 167 and 168: Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
Page 171 and 172: Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
Page 173 and 174: USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
Page 175 and 176: Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 177 and 178: Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
Page 181 and 182: d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
Page 183 and 184: and hippopotami are grazers. To com
Page 185 and 186: fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
Page 187 and 188: opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
Page 189 and 190: international environment. The LBA
Page 191 and 192: ecause they were subject to taxatio
Page 193 and 194: were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
Page 195 and 196: scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
Page 199 and 200: compare, the more unique the region
Page 201 and 202: Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
Page 203 and 204: Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
Page 205 and 206: Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
Page 207: Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
Page 211 and 212: Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
Page 213 and 214: Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
Page 215 and 216: van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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