Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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century and the LH IIIB2 period on the mainland (ca. 1250-1200 BC). Many of the ivory objects from the LBA are hippopotamus lower canines and incisors rather than elephant tusks (Reese 1998: 142; Krzyszkowska 1990), with a higher percentage of hippopotamus ivory in the first phase of Aegean ivory-carving, and by the second phase (represented primarily in mainland Greece) the majority of the material is elephant. Ivory production on Crete, meanwhile, is limited to the first period (LM IA-LM IIIA1) (Hayward 1990: 103), and represented by finds in Knossos, Zakro, Archanes, Kommos and Palaikastro. At the Royal Road excavations in Knossos a working area for a workshop (including over one kg of small chips, and evidence of secondary manufacture), fragments of large ivory statuettes, and many small inlays were recovered (Reese and Krzyszkowska 1996: 325; Krzyszkowska 1993: 27, 30-31; Scullard 1974: 260). The inlays were primarily fashioned from hippopotamus ivory, but are in close association with the chips and offcuts which are elephant ivory (Krzyszkowska 1990: 112; 1993: 28). Four elephant tusks from the Zakro palace are dated to the LM IB destruction, circa 1450 B.C. (Reese and Krzyszkowska 1996: 325; Krzyszkowska 1993: 30; Krzyszkowska 1990: 112; Scullard 1974: 260) (see Figure 26 for location of Knossos and Zakro). Two pieces of tusk sections from Archanes, and the center of a tusk and unfinished pieces from Palaikastro have been recovered as evidence of ivory working (Reese and Krzyszkowska 1996: 325; Krzyszkowska 1993: 30). Additionally LM III Kommos yielded two small elephant tusk segments, as well as partly worked ivory and leftover waste ivory (Reese and Krzyszkowska 1996: 324; Krzyszkowska 1993: 30). The finds from the mainland are much less than those from Crete during this period. Ivories on the mainland were manufactured from the early 16 th to the late 13 th 61
century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but the vast majority date to the 14 th and 13 th centuries B.C. and are of elephant ivory (Hayward 1990: 103). The earliest examples come from the Shaft Graves from Mycenae (see Figure 26 for location of Mycenae), some of which (Shaft Graves IV and V) include tusk tips that may be considered trophies (Reese and Krzyszkowska 1996: 325; Krzyszkowska 1993: 31; 1990: 112). Figure 26. Locations of ivory workshop material from the Aegean (Krzyszkowska 1990: overleaf). So while ivory carving was known in mainland Greece from the 16 th century B.C., the art form did not reach its zenith until the 13 th century, that is, the LH IIIB2 period (circa 1250-1200 BC), in what may be described as the final phase of Aegean ivory working (Krzyszkowska 1990: 112; Liebowitz 1987: 20). Elephant ivory, instead 62
Page 1 and 2:
Tracing the Source of the Elephant
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Table of Contents List of Tables iv
Page 5 and 6:
Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
Page 7 and 8:
List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
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Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
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skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
Page 23 and 24: incisors”) of the elephant. Each
Page 25 and 26: Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
Page 27 and 28: perpendicular to the tubules....[co
Page 29 and 30: Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
Page 31 and 32: for the elephant, is where the dent
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
Page 35 and 36: pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
Page 37 and 38: emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
Page 39 and 40: near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
Page 41 and 42: Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
Page 43 and 44: Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
Page 47 and 48: Figure 16: Present distribution of
Page 49 and 50: Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
Page 51 and 52: flooding and dense human population
Page 53 and 54: BCE), mentions imports of approxima
Page 55 and 56: The degree of contact between the L
Page 57 and 58: Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
Page 59 and 60: are lacking in North Africa, but th
Page 61 and 62: Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
Page 63 and 64: Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
Page 65 and 66: elephants show a lower preference f
Page 67 and 68: similar to those of the African ele
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
Page 71 and 72: of the waste pieces may be reused f
Page 73: ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
Page 77 and 78: ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
Page 79 and 80: Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
Page 81 and 82: Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
Page 83 and 84: Much of the discussion about Palest
Page 85 and 86: (Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
Page 87 and 88: argues that for both of the types
Page 89 and 90: The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
Page 91 and 92: study residence and mobility. Katze
Page 93 and 94: feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
Page 95 and 96: 4‰ lower than those of marine pla
Page 97 and 98: Studies which have focused on evalu
Page 99 and 100: sediments in one area had isotopic
Page 101 and 102: local environment, and thus answer
Page 103 and 104: Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
Page 105 and 106: Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
Page 109 and 110: wide, straight lips of the hippo en
Page 111 and 112: unlikely that many were actually ea
Page 113 and 114: proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
Page 115 and 116: diet as interpreted from the stable
Page 117 and 118: had larger ranges than those elepha
Page 119 and 120: Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
Page 121 and 122: fact adapted to the desert, and thi
Page 123 and 124: Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
Page 127 and 128:
Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
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Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
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Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
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Table 6 (continued) 120
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Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
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In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
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(Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
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fault and is filled with flood-basa
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Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
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The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
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The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
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and water and sediment from the Nil
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Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
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Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
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Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
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strontium data from Betton and Cive
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These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
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Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
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Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
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Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
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Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
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USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
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Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
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Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
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Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
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d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
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and hippopotami are grazers. To com
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fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
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opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
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international environment. The LBA
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ecause they were subject to taxatio
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were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
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scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198:
Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
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compare, the more unique the region
Page 201 and 202:
Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
Page 203 and 204:
Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
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Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
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Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
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Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
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Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
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Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
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van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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