Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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Israel Published strontium isotope data from Israel are available, but the geological coverage is less than ideal. The coastal areas are of primary interest for Israel, since these regions are where hippopotami would have once dwelled. However, the rest of Israel will be considered as well. Ayalon et al. (1999) sought to reconstruct the palaeoclimate of the eastern Mediterranean region based on δ 18 O and δ 13 C variations in speleothems from Soreq Cave in Israel, about 40 km inland from the coast. They noticed an increase in isotopic ratios during colder and drier periods, and established that strontium isotopes, like oxygen isotopes, can be influenced by climatic factors (Ayalon et al. 1999: 715, 719). More important for the purposes of this thesis, however, they found the local dolomite host rock to have a 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of 0.70745, and the Holocene values from the speleothems to range from 0.7079 to 0.70825, with the majority around 0.70822. These values are reproduced in Figure 47 (solid yellow triangles). The disparity between the dolomite host rock and the speleothems is attributed to exogenic sources to the speleothem such as sea spray and aeolian dust (Ayalon et al. 1999: 720). Another article by the same group of researchers sees the strontium isotope ratios as influenced by “major changes in the temperature, the mean annual rainfall and its isotopic composition, the isotopic composition of the Mediterranean vapor source, the soil moisture conditions, and in the mixing proportions of sources with different 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios (sea spray, dust particles and dolomitic host rock)” (Bar-Matthews et al. 1999: 85). However, a correlation between strontium isotope ratios and climate may only be encountered in special geological situations like that of speleothems. 135
The Negev Desert in Southern Israel was the focus of the next study by Avigour et al. (1990). The purpose of the study was to compare the strontium isotope compositions of secondary calcites to those of their marine carbonate host rocks. The host rocks, which are of the most use for the present investigation, ranged from 0.707251 to 0.70755. The results of both the host rock and the secondary calcites are depicted in Figure 47 (solid blue diamonds). The sample locations are furthermore portrayed in Figure 50. Also from this general area, but along the coastal plain of southern Israel (see Figure 51 for location), come more 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values from Starinsky et al. (1983). These values span from 0.7075 to 0.7090, with an average value of 0.7081 (see Figure 47 for values, depicted as purple stars). In an innovative use of strontium isotope values for reconstructing the history of the ancient harbor at Caesarea Maritima, Reinhardt et al. (1998) also provided strontium isotope ratios for the coastal region. The researchers took 42 samples from fossils for 87 Sr/ 86 Sr measurements to investigate temporal paleosalinities that may be related to the shape of the harbor, and the results are listed in Figure 47 (solid gray circles). By recognizing that “environments in close proximity to the fluvial input of strontium to the world’s oceans may have 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios that deviate from that of the global value for normal seawater” (Reinhardt et al. 1998: 3), they were able to draw some conclusions about the form and function of the harbor by taking the known value of groundwater in Israel (0.7080) and calculating mixing averages with the seawater in the eastern Mediterranean (0.709072). Using this same principle, the strontium isotope budget of the eastern Mediterranean will now be considered. 136
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Tracing the Source of the Elephant
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Table of Contents List of Tables iv
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Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
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List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
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Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
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skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
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incisors”) of the elephant. Each
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Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
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perpendicular to the tubules....[co
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Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
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for the elephant, is where the dent
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Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
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pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
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emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
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near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
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Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
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Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
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Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
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Figure 16: Present distribution of
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Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
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flooding and dense human population
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BCE), mentions imports of approxima
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The degree of contact between the L
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Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
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are lacking in North Africa, but th
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Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
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Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
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elephants show a lower preference f
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similar to those of the African ele
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Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
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of the waste pieces may be reused f
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ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
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century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
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ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
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Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
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Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
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Much of the discussion about Palest
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(Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
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argues that for both of the types
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The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
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study residence and mobility. Katze
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feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
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4‰ lower than those of marine pla
Page 97 and 98: Studies which have focused on evalu
Page 99 and 100: sediments in one area had isotopic
Page 101 and 102: local environment, and thus answer
Page 103 and 104: Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
Page 105 and 106: Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
Page 109 and 110: wide, straight lips of the hippo en
Page 111 and 112: unlikely that many were actually ea
Page 113 and 114: proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
Page 115 and 116: diet as interpreted from the stable
Page 117 and 118: had larger ranges than those elepha
Page 119 and 120: Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
Page 121 and 122: fact adapted to the desert, and thi
Page 123 and 124: Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
Page 127 and 128: Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
Page 129 and 130: Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
Page 131 and 132: Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
Page 133 and 134: Table 6 (continued) 120
Page 135 and 136: Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 137 and 138: Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 139 and 140: Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
Page 141 and 142: In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
Page 143 and 144: (Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
Page 145 and 146: fault and is filled with flood-basa
Page 147: Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
Page 151 and 152: The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
Page 153 and 154: and water and sediment from the Nil
Page 155 and 156: Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
Page 157 and 158: Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
Page 159 and 160: Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
Page 161 and 162: strontium data from Betton and Cive
Page 163 and 164: These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
Page 165 and 166: Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
Page 167 and 168: Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
Page 171 and 172: Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
Page 173 and 174: USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
Page 175 and 176: Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 177 and 178: Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
Page 181 and 182: d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
Page 183 and 184: and hippopotami are grazers. To com
Page 185 and 186: fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
Page 187 and 188: opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
Page 189 and 190: international environment. The LBA
Page 191 and 192: ecause they were subject to taxatio
Page 193 and 194: were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
Page 195 and 196: scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
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compare, the more unique the region
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Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
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Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
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Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
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Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
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Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
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Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
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Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
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van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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