Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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Table 12: Results of mass spectrometry analysis of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in collagen USF # Museum Catalog # Site Country Material Sample Description δ 13 C δ 15 N C:N Ratio 5876 KW 744 Uluburun Turkey Ivory Hippopotamus canine -19.0 5.0 4.6 5877 KW 1182 Uluburun Turkey Ivory Hippopotamus tusk fragment -30.2 N2 below detection N/A 5878 KW 1192 Uluburun Turkey Ivory Hippopotamus canine -30.6 N2 below detection N/A 5879 KW 3842 Uluburun Turkey Ivory Elephant tusk N/A N/A N/A 5880 MTA 2142 Maraş Turkey Molar Elephas Maximus molar. -19.1 10.2 3.4 Fili Last pre-erupted molar from left jaw cavity 5881 MTA 2711 Maraş Turkey Bone Rib of Elephas Maximus. N/A N/A N/A Fili Flakes from left anterior rib (rib 3, 4, or 5) 5882 MTA X Maraş Fili Turkey Bone Rib of Elephas Maximas N/A N/A N/A 169
and hippopotami are grazers. To compare the carbon isotope ratios from apatite with those from collagen 7 per mil must be subtracted from the apatite values (since there is a +5 fractionation from the diet of the animal to their collagen and a +12 fractionation from diet to bone apatite). Past isotopic research considered in Chapter Nine was overwhelmingly concerned with elephant diet and generally used collagen, as the researchers were using modern samples not affected by the preservation issues which plague archaeological samples. Unfortunately most of the samples for this thesis are hippopotamus, and all but one of the elephant samples are from a known region: southeastern Turkey. These factors restrict comparisons between the carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of the Uluburun samples with past isotopic research. In general, however, the hippopotamus ivory is closely clustered in Figure 73, and the duck-shaped cosmetic container (KW 2534) is very likely fashioned from hippopotamus ivory. The elephant tusk (KW 162) holds the most negative carbon isotope ratio (-9.6‰), and compared to elephant collagen data from Chapter Nine (after subtracting 7 per mil), a value of -16.6‰ would cluster close to those arid regions where elephants must rely on C4 the most, compared to other elephants. These regions include East Tsavo, Kenya (average δ 13 C = -16.4‰), Addo in South Africa (average -17.0‰), and the famous “desert” elephants of Namibia (-19.0‰) (see Table 3 from van der Merwe et al. 1988: 166-167, Table 4 with data from Tieszen et al. (1989) and Figure 44 from van der Merwe et al. 1990). However, the sample sizes for all these regions are small (n ≤ 5). The large study conducted by Ishibashi et al. (1999) also shows similarities between the Uluburun elephant tusk (KW 162) and elephants from arid regions, such as Ethiopia (-17.5‰) and South Africa (see Figure 43). Other research 170
Page 1 and 2:
Tracing the Source of the Elephant
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Table of Contents List of Tables iv
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Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
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List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
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Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
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skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
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incisors”) of the elephant. Each
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Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
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perpendicular to the tubules....[co
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Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
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for the elephant, is where the dent
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Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
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pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
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emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
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near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
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Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
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Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
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Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
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Figure 16: Present distribution of
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Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
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flooding and dense human population
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BCE), mentions imports of approxima
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The degree of contact between the L
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Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
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are lacking in North Africa, but th
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Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
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Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
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elephants show a lower preference f
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similar to those of the African ele
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Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
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of the waste pieces may be reused f
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ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
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century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
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ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
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Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
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Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
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Much of the discussion about Palest
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(Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
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argues that for both of the types
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The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
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study residence and mobility. Katze
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feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
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4‰ lower than those of marine pla
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Studies which have focused on evalu
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sediments in one area had isotopic
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local environment, and thus answer
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Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
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Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
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Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
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wide, straight lips of the hippo en
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unlikely that many were actually ea
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proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
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diet as interpreted from the stable
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had larger ranges than those elepha
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Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
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fact adapted to the desert, and thi
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Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
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Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
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Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
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Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
Page 131 and 132: Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
Page 133 and 134: Table 6 (continued) 120
Page 135 and 136: Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 137 and 138: Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 139 and 140: Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
Page 141 and 142: In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
Page 143 and 144: (Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
Page 145 and 146: fault and is filled with flood-basa
Page 147 and 148: Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
Page 149 and 150: The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
Page 151 and 152: The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
Page 153 and 154: and water and sediment from the Nil
Page 155 and 156: Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
Page 157 and 158: Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
Page 159 and 160: Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
Page 161 and 162: strontium data from Betton and Cive
Page 163 and 164: These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
Page 165 and 166: Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
Page 167 and 168: Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
Page 171 and 172: Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
Page 173 and 174: USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
Page 175 and 176: Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 177 and 178: Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
Page 181: d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
Page 185 and 186: fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
Page 187 and 188: opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
Page 189 and 190: international environment. The LBA
Page 191 and 192: ecause they were subject to taxatio
Page 193 and 194: were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
Page 195 and 196: scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
Page 199 and 200: compare, the more unique the region
Page 201 and 202: Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
Page 203 and 204: Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
Page 205 and 206: Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
Page 207 and 208: Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
Page 209 and 210: Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
Page 211 and 212: Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
Page 213 and 214: Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
Page 215 and 216: van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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