Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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Bass, G.F. 1991. Evidence of trade from Bronze Age shipwrecks. In (N.H. Gale, Ed.) Bronze Age trade in the Mediterranean: Papers presented at the conference held at Rewley House, Oxford, in December 1989, pp. 69-82. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 90. Göteburg: Paul Åströms Förlag. Bass, G.F. 1997. Prolegomena to a study of maritime traffic in raw materials to the Aegean during the fourteenth and thirteenth centuries B.C. In (R. Laffineur and P.P. Betancourt, Eds.) TEXNH. Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age, pp. 153-170 Aegaeum 16. Betton, P.J., and Civetta, L. 1984. Strontium and neodymium isotopic evidence for the heterogeneous nature and development of the mantle beneath Afar (Ethiopia). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 71: 59-70. Blondel, J., and Aronson, J. 1999. Biology and Wildlife of the Mediterranean Region. Great Britain. Bourdieu, P. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bourgeois, B. 1993. An approach to Anatolian techniques of ivory carving during the second millennium BC. In (J. Lesley Fitton, Ed.) Ivory in Greece and the Mediterranean from the Bronze Age to the Hellenistic Period. British Museum Occasional Papers 85: 61-66. Brew, G. 2001. Tectonic evolution of Syria interpreted from integrated geophysical and geological analysis. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell. Online at http://atlas.geo.cornell.edu/people/brew/gbthesisintro.html. Budd, P., Montgomery, J., Barreiro, B. and Thomas, R.G. 2000. Differential diagenesis of Sr in archeological human dental tissues. Applied Geochemistry 15: 687–694. Casson, L. 1995. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Carlson, A.K. 1996. Lead isotope analysis of human bone for addressing cultural affinity: a case study from Rocky Mountain House, Alberta. Journal of Archaeological Science 23: 557-567. Catling, H.W. 1991. Bronze Age trade in the Mediterranean: a view. In (N.H. Gale, Ed.) Bronze Age trade in the Mediterranean: Papers presented at the conference held at Rewley House, Oxford, in December 1989, pp. 1-13. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 90. Göteburg: Paul Åströms Förlag. 189
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Page 1 and 2:
Tracing the Source of the Elephant
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Table of Contents List of Tables iv
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Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
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List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
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Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
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skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
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incisors”) of the elephant. Each
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Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
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perpendicular to the tubules....[co
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Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
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for the elephant, is where the dent
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Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
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pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
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emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
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near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
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Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
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Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
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Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
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Figure 16: Present distribution of
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Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
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flooding and dense human population
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BCE), mentions imports of approxima
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The degree of contact between the L
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Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
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are lacking in North Africa, but th
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Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
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Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
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elephants show a lower preference f
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similar to those of the African ele
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Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
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of the waste pieces may be reused f
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ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
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century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
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ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
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Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
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Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
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Much of the discussion about Palest
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(Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
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argues that for both of the types
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The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
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study residence and mobility. Katze
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feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
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4‰ lower than those of marine pla
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Studies which have focused on evalu
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sediments in one area had isotopic
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local environment, and thus answer
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Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
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Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
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Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
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wide, straight lips of the hippo en
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unlikely that many were actually ea
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proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
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diet as interpreted from the stable
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had larger ranges than those elepha
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Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
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fact adapted to the desert, and thi
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Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
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Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
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Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
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Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
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Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
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Table 6 (continued) 120
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Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
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In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
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(Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
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fault and is filled with flood-basa
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Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
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The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
Page 151 and 152: The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
Page 153 and 154: and water and sediment from the Nil
Page 155 and 156: Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
Page 157 and 158: Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
Page 159 and 160: Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
Page 161 and 162: strontium data from Betton and Cive
Page 163 and 164: These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
Page 165 and 166: Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
Page 167 and 168: Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
Page 171 and 172: Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
Page 173 and 174: USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
Page 175 and 176: Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 177 and 178: Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
Page 181 and 182: d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
Page 183 and 184: and hippopotami are grazers. To com
Page 185 and 186: fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
Page 187 and 188: opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
Page 189 and 190: international environment. The LBA
Page 191 and 192: ecause they were subject to taxatio
Page 193 and 194: were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
Page 195 and 196: scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
Page 199 and 200: compare, the more unique the region
Page 201: Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
Page 205 and 206: Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
Page 207 and 208: Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
Page 209 and 210: Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
Page 211 and 212: Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
Page 213 and 214: Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
Page 215 and 216: van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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