Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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eigns of Amenophis III and Tutankhamen until the end of the 18 th Dynasty (Liebowitz 1987: 20). Common items are curving wands or knives made from hippopotamus lower canines (c. 2133-1306 B.C.), often found in tombs, as well as hippo canine clappers with hands or Hathor heads at the terminus (c. 1900-1150 B.C.) (Reese 1998: 140). Nevertheless, Egypt’s refined style, royal workshops, comparably better preservation of material culture, and well-established chronology, does not mean that the ideas for all items made in Egypt originated there (Lilyquist 1998: 27-28). Worked ivory was, moreover, imported and exported, as recorded by the Amarna letters and discussed in Chapter Four. Lilyquist does not consider the Qau ivories (large deposits of hippopotamus ivories in Middle Egypt) to be 18 th Dynasty Egyptian due to the “foreign overtones, as exhibited by Aegeanlike animal scenes and Near Eastern criss-cross hatching and decorative drill work, as well as by animal scenes with Cypriot or eastern Mediterranean style” (1998: 27, 30). Plus, ivory-decorated furniture was brought from the Levant during the time of Tuthmosis and his successors (Potts 1987: 69). Duck-shaped Containers The duck containers alluded to in the discussion of the Ras Shamra ivories are an interesting phenomenon, and especially germane to the discussion since one was recovered from the Uluburun and is included in the stable isotope ratio analyses for this thesis (KW 2534; see Figure 29). Duck-shaped containers were popular in the Levant and have been recovered from Ras Shamra, Alalakh, Kamid el-Loz, Lachish, Megiddo, Tel Dan, Shechem, Lachish, Meskene-Emar, Tell el Far‘ah, Akko, Sidon, and Gezer 71
(Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 77; Karali-Yannacopoulos 1993; Liebowitz 1987: 14). They have also been found at Knossos and Mycenae, in addition to some other sites (see below) and most definitely represent imports (Gachet 1993: 77; Krzyszkowska 1990: plate 17b). The containers date from 1400-1200 B.C., although a tighter chronology of 13 th to 12 th century may be the case at Ras Shamra, Kamid el-Loz, Lachish, and Megiddo (Lilyquist 1998: 27, citing a personal communication with Caubet; Liebowitz 1987: 14). Figure 29: Duck-shaped container from Uluburun (KW 2534). Figure 30: A back-turned head duck container from Ugarit (Ras Shamra) (Gachet 1993: 84). 72
Page 1 and 2:
Tracing the Source of the Elephant
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Table of Contents List of Tables iv
Page 5 and 6:
Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
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List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
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Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
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skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
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incisors”) of the elephant. Each
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Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
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perpendicular to the tubules....[co
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Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
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for the elephant, is where the dent
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
Page 35 and 36: pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
Page 37 and 38: emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
Page 39 and 40: near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
Page 41 and 42: Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
Page 43 and 44: Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
Page 47 and 48: Figure 16: Present distribution of
Page 49 and 50: Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
Page 51 and 52: flooding and dense human population
Page 53 and 54: BCE), mentions imports of approxima
Page 55 and 56: The degree of contact between the L
Page 57 and 58: Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
Page 59 and 60: are lacking in North Africa, but th
Page 61 and 62: Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
Page 63 and 64: Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
Page 65 and 66: elephants show a lower preference f
Page 67 and 68: similar to those of the African ele
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
Page 71 and 72: of the waste pieces may be reused f
Page 73 and 74: ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
Page 75 and 76: century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
Page 77 and 78: ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
Page 79 and 80: Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
Page 81 and 82: Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
Page 83: Much of the discussion about Palest
Page 87 and 88: argues that for both of the types
Page 89 and 90: The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
Page 91 and 92: study residence and mobility. Katze
Page 93 and 94: feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
Page 95 and 96: 4‰ lower than those of marine pla
Page 97 and 98: Studies which have focused on evalu
Page 99 and 100: sediments in one area had isotopic
Page 101 and 102: local environment, and thus answer
Page 103 and 104: Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
Page 105 and 106: Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
Page 109 and 110: wide, straight lips of the hippo en
Page 111 and 112: unlikely that many were actually ea
Page 113 and 114: proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
Page 115 and 116: diet as interpreted from the stable
Page 117 and 118: had larger ranges than those elepha
Page 119 and 120: Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
Page 121 and 122: fact adapted to the desert, and thi
Page 123 and 124: Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
Page 127 and 128: Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
Page 129 and 130: Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
Page 131 and 132: Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
Page 133 and 134: Table 6 (continued) 120
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
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Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
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In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
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(Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
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fault and is filled with flood-basa
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Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
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The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
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The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
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and water and sediment from the Nil
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Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
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Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
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Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
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strontium data from Betton and Cive
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These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
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Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
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Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
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Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, S
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Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
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USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
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Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
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Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
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Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
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d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
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and hippopotami are grazers. To com
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fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
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opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
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international environment. The LBA
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ecause they were subject to taxatio
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were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
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scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198:
Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
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compare, the more unique the region
Page 201 and 202:
Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
Page 203 and 204:
Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
Page 205 and 206:
Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
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Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
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Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
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Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
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Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
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van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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