Tracing the Source of the Elephant And Hippopotamus Ivory from ...

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are extremely high: Algeria = 0.726253, 0.720515, 0.724395, 0.713; Morocco = 0.716593, 0.726932, 0.728197, 0.734041; Mauritania = 0.735679, 0.727284, 0.737645, 0.737535, 0.731493, 0.728389, 0.720021. Conclusion Thus from the above review of the available literature, the difficulties involved in sourcing by strontium isotope ratios from such a large geographical area with such spotty publishing are readily evident. The largest misfortune is that those areas which could potentially have been the source of elephant ivory but have been ignored or disregarded by scholars are those same areas with a complete dearth of literature, namely Syria and the north coast of Africa. On a fortunate note, the regions with the most available strontium isotope data correlate well with the areas in which hippopotami resided, namely the Levantine coast and the Nile. Hippopotamus ivory luckily represents the largest number of samples in the present investigation as well. The separation between the Levant and the Nile plus associated tributaries is particularly encouraging, as the Levant has 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values >0.707 and the Nile and its tributaries are
Chapter 11 Analytical Procedures, Sample Preparation, and Description of the Uluburun and Maraş Fili Samples Researchers have concluded that there is no difference between using bone and ivory (other than that ivory grows by accretion and represents growth over lifetime, whereas bone has a turn-over rate) and that their isotope ratio values can be compared within the same set (Vogel et al. 1990: 748; van der Merwe et al. 1990: 745; Koch et al. 1995: 1340-3). Ivory sample sizes required for analysis are generally 2-3 mg, although a mass spectrometer can measure samples less than a milligram (Tykot and Staller 2002). The samples were processed for collagen and apatite and analyzed using mass spectrometry at the University of South Florida. Samples were sent to MURR (Missouri University Research Reactor) for analysis of strontium isotope ratios by ICP-MS. For descriptive details on the specific samples analyzed see Table 8. Four ivory samples (KW 744, KW 1182, KW 1192, and KW 3842) and 3 bone samples (MTA 2142, MTA 2711, and MTA X) were selected for collagen (see Table 9). The ivory and bone collagen samples for carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio analysis were prepared according to the laboratory protocol of the Laboratory of Archaeological Science at the University of South Florida. The samples were ultrasonically cleaned in acetone, the solution poured off, and the samples dried in a drying oven at 60°C for 24 hours. Approximately 200 mg of whole ivory or bone were then weighed out from each sample and 50 mls of 2% HCl acid was added to remove the bone mineral (apatite) portion of the sample. After 24 hours the ivory and bone samples were cut into smaller pieces so as to increase the surface area and thereby ensure the reaction followed to 156
Page 1 and 2:
Tracing the Source of the Elephant
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Table of Contents List of Tables iv
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Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age trade
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List of Figures Figure 1. Morpholog
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Figure 35. Average δ 13 C values o
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Figure 69. KW 2557 (Hippopotamus tu
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“merchants” to a larger degree
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skeletal part to verify the presenc
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possibility of sophisticated scient
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B.C. and resumed Egyptian campaigni
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urbanization at centers such as Enk
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incisors”) of the elephant. Each
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Dentine in elephant tusks is essent
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perpendicular to the tubules....[co
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Figure 3 : The incisors and canines
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for the elephant, is where the dent
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Chapter 3 The Archaeological, Histo
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pastoralism. Today most of the hipp
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emains in the Syro-Palestinian regi
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near Beersheba. An EB I lower right
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Figure 13: The distribution of Midd
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Figure 14: 18 th Dynasty Egyptian t
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Chapter 4 The Archaeological, Histo
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Figure 16: Present distribution of
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Maghreb was inaccessible or nonexis
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flooding and dense human population
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BCE), mentions imports of approxima
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The degree of contact between the L
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Minoan and Mycenaean sherds from th
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are lacking in North Africa, but th
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Part II: The Syrian Elephant Turnin
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Figure 22: Location of Ghab Valley
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elephants show a lower preference f
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similar to those of the African ele
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Chapter 5 Ivory Workshops in the La
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of the waste pieces may be reused f
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ivory and silver (Odyssey XIX.55) a
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century B.C. (LH I-LH IIIB), but th
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ivory from a burnt deposit in Thebe
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Tell Fakhariyah has only yielded ex
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Figure 28: Comparison of utilizatio
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Much of the discussion about Palest
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(Lilyquist 1998: 27; Gachet 1993: 7
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argues that for both of the types
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The End of Ivory-working in the LBA
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study residence and mobility. Katze
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feeding on the plant (Sukumar and R
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4‰ lower than those of marine pla
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Studies which have focused on evalu
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sediments in one area had isotopic
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local environment, and thus answer
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Figure 32: Sr concentrations plotte
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Figure 34: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. age of
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Chapter 7 Ecological and Dietary Re
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wide, straight lips of the hippo en
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unlikely that many were actually ea
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proportion of C3 to C4 vegetation i
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diet as interpreted from the stable
Page 117 and 118: had larger ranges than those elepha
Page 119 and 120: Tchamba and Seme (1993) likewise re
Page 121 and 122: fact adapted to the desert, and thi
Page 123 and 124: Table 2: δ 13 C values and % C4 fr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 35: Average δ 13 C values o
Page 127 and 128: Table 4: Percentage of C3 plants in
Page 129 and 130: Table 5: Isotope values for Ambosel
Page 131 and 132: Figure 39: “Carbon and nitrogen i
Page 133 and 134: Table 6 (continued) 120
Page 135 and 136: Figure 41: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 137 and 138: Figure 43: δ 13 C versus δ 15 N f
Page 139 and 140: Figure 44: δ 13 C versus 87 Sr/ 86
Page 141 and 142: In conclusion, isotopic analysis ha
Page 143 and 144: (Ugarit/Ras Shamra). Only two studi
Page 145 and 146: fault and is filled with flood-basa
Page 147 and 148: Figure 49: Geologic and fault map o
Page 149 and 150: The Negev Desert in Southern Israel
Page 151 and 152: The Eastern Mediterranean and the N
Page 153 and 154: and water and sediment from the Nil
Page 155 and 156: Figure 55: Contour diagrams for the
Page 157 and 158: Figure 56: The Sr isotope ratios in
Page 159 and 160: Figure 58: Schematic diagram along
Page 161 and 162: strontium data from Betton and Cive
Page 163 and 164: These flood basalts have 87 Sr/ 86
Page 165 and 166: Figure 63: Map of the Libyan Desert
Page 167: Table 7: Isotopic data of high-grad
Page 171 and 172: Table 9: Collagen samples for analy
Page 173 and 174: USF # Museum Catalog # Table 10: Ap
Page 175 and 176: Figure 66: KW 1182 (Hippopotamus tu
Page 177 and 178: Figure 70: KW 3842 (Elephant ivory)
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 12 Results and Discussion R
Page 181 and 182: d18O (apatite, per mil) 3 2 1 0 -1
Page 183 and 184: and hippopotami are grazers. To com
Page 185 and 186: fetched (with the Nile ≈ +2‰).
Page 187 and 188: opposed to the 2-3 mg required for
Page 189 and 190: international environment. The LBA
Page 191 and 192: ecause they were subject to taxatio
Page 193 and 194: were other ruling elites (Ratnagar
Page 195 and 196: scientific archaeometric angle and
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 13 Conclusion and Suggestio
Page 199 and 200: compare, the more unique the region
Page 201 and 202: Aufderheide, A.C., Neiman, F.D., Wi
Page 203 and 204: Caubet, A., and Poplin, F. 1993. La
Page 205 and 206: Finley, M.I. 1981. Mycenaean palace
Page 207 and 208: Horn, P., and Müller-Sohnius, D.,
Page 209 and 210: Liebowitz, H. 1987. Late Bronze II
Page 211 and 212: Price, T.D., Grupe, G., and Schröt
Page 213 and 214: Sherratt, A., and Sherratt, S. 1991
Page 215 and 216: van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J.
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