Chapter 1 - Caltrans - State of California

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Chapter 3 Comments and Coordination annual, and long- term (30-70 years) exposure). Dispersion models are appropriate for predicting maximum concentrations that can occur at some time at some location within a geographic area, but cannot accurately predict exposure patterns at specific times at specific locations across an urban area to assess potential health risk. The National Cooperative Highway Research Program is conducting research on best practices in applying models and other technical methods in the analysis of MSATs. This work also will focus on identifying appropriate methods of documenting and communicating MSAT impacts in the NEPA process and to the general public. Along with these general limitations of dispersion models, FHWA is also faced with a lack of adequate monitoring data in most areas for use in establishing project-specific MSAT background concentrations. Exposure Levels and Health Effects Finally, even if emission levels and concentrations of MSATs could be accurately predicted, shortcomings in current techniques for exposure assessment and risk analysis preclude us from reaching meaningful conclusions about project-specific health impacts. Exposure assessments are difficult because it is difficult to accurately calculate annual concentrations of MSATs near roadways, and to determine the portion of a year that people are actually exposed to those concentrations at a specific location. These difficulties are magnified for 70-year cancer assessments, particularly because unsupportable assumptions would have to be made regarding changes in travel patterns and vehicle technology (which affects emissions rates) over a 70-year period. There are also considerable uncertainties associated with the existing estimates of toxicity of the various MSATs, because of factors such as low-dose extrapolation and translation of occupational exposure data to the general population. Because of these shortcomings, any calculated difference in health impacts between alternatives is likely to be much smaller than the uncertainties associated with calculating the impacts. Consequently, the results of such assessments would not be useful to decision makers, who would need to weigh this information against other project impacts that are better suited for quantitative analysis. Summary of Existing Credible Scientific Evidence Relevant to Evaluating the Impacts of MSATs. Research into the health impacts of MSATs is ongoing. For different emission types, there are a variety of studies that show that some either are statistically associated with adverse health outcomes through epidemiological studies (frequently based on emissions levels found in occupational settings) or in animals that demonstrate adverse health outcomes when exposed to large doses. 150 IS/EA VEN-SB US101 HOV Project
Chapter 3 Comments and Coordination Exposure to toxics has been a focus of a number of EPA efforts. Most notably, the agency conducted the National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) in 1996 to evaluate modeled estimates of human exposure applicable to the county level. While not intended for use as a measure of or benchmark for local exposure, the modeled estimates in the NATA database best illustrate the levels of various toxics when aggregated to a national or state level. The EPA is in the process of assessing the risks of various kinds of exposures to these pollutants. The EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) is a database of human health effects that may result from exposure to various substances found in the environment. The IRIS database is located at http://www.epa.gov/iris. The following toxicity information for the six prioritized MSATs was taken from the IRIS database: • Benzene is characterized as causing decreased lymphocyte count and has non-cancer health endpoints of potential concern. • Acrolein the primary health concern is not cancer, but rather a respiratory endpoint. • Formaldehyde has respiratory endpoints and has non-cancer health endpoints of potential concern. • 1,3-Butadiene is characterized as causing ovarian atrophy and has non-cancer health endpoints of potential concern. • Acetaldehyde is characterized as causing degeneration of the olfactory epithelium and has non-cancer health endpoints of potential concern. • Diesel exhaust (DE) is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by inhalation from environmental exposures. Diesel exhaust as reviewed in this document is the combination of diesel particulate matter and diesel exhaust organic gases. The particulate matter fraction of diesel exhaust (Diesel PM) has been identified by the CARB as a toxic air contaminant due to long-term cancer risk. • Diesel exhaust is also connected with chronic respiratory effects, possibly the primary noncancer hazard from MSATs. Prolonged exposures may impair pulmonary function and could produce symptoms, such as cough, phlegm, and chronic bronchitis. Exposure relationships have not been developed from these studies. There have been other studies that address MSAT health impacts in proximity to roadways. The Health Effects Institute, a non-profit organization funded by EPA, FHWA, and industry, has undertaken a major series of studies to research near-roadway IS/EA VEN-SB US101 HOV Project 151
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Chapter 1Proposed Project 1.1 Intro
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California Native Plant Society 909
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Community Based Organizations Ventu
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Richard Zavala Rincon Island/ Greka
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Evan E Skei Resident 6770 Ojai Ave.
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Mary C & James Cox Resident 7062 Ox
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Virginia Cotsis Resident 6820 Santa
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Doug and Jaleh White 8128 Puesta De
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Harry Van Wingerden 3902 Via Real C
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Thomas J. McGillis, M.D. 5206 Beckf
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Appendix A CEQA Checklist Appendix
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Potentially significant impact Less
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Please refer to section e) 12. POPU
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Appendix B Traffic Flow Charts Exis
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2015 Build Appendix B Traffic Flow
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2035 Build Appendix B Traffic Flow
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Appendix C Title VI Policy Statemen
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Appendix D Glossary and Abbreviated
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Appendix E Minimization and/or Miti
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Impact Avoidance or Minimization Me
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Appendix F Noise Aerial Maps and Ta
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20-Minute Noise Measurement Locatio
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Table B Predicted Noise Reduction F
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Appendix G Letter to the State Hist
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Chapter 1 - Caltrans - State of California

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