State of the Bay Report 2010-Final - Anchor Environmental

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Figure 6.14. Variation in the concentration of Lead (Pb) in the sediments in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon as indicated by the 2010 survey results. Anchor Environmental Figure 6.15. Variation in the concentration of Nickel (Ni) in the sediments in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon as indicated by the 2010 survey results. State of the Bay 2010: Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon 132
The concentrations of metals in sediments are affected by grain size, total organic content and mineralogy. Since these factors vary in the environment, one cannot simply use high absolute concentrations of metals as an indicator for anthropogenic metal contamination. Metal concentrations are therefore commonly normalized to a grain-size parameter or a suitable substitute for grain size, and only then can the correct interpretation of sediment metal concentrations be made (Summers et al. 1996). A variety of sediment parameters can be used to normalize metal concentrations, and these include Al, Fe and total organic carbon. Aluminium or iron are commonly used as normalizes for trace metal content as they ubiquitously coat all sediments and occur in proportion to the surface area of the sediment (Gibbs 1994); they are abundant in the earth’s crust and are not likely to have a significant anthropogenic source (Gibbs 1994, Summers et al. 1996); and ratios of metal concentrations to Al or Fe concentrations are relatively constant in the earth’s crust (Summers et al. 1996). Normalized metal/aluminium ratios can be used to estimate the extent of metal contamination within the marine environment, and to assess whether there has been enrichment of metals from anthropogenic activities. In this study metal concentrations were normalized against (divided by) aluminium and not iron due to the known anthropogenic input of iron from the iron ore terminal and industrial activity in Saldanha Bay. Enrichment factors were also calculated for Saldanha Bay samples by dividing metal concentrations obtained in 2009 by the average metal concentrations recorded for pre-development sediments in 1980. Figure 6.16. Metal:Al ratios for Copper, Lead, Cadmium and Nickel for sediments sampled in 2010 from Saldanha Bay-Small Bay (SB), Big Bay (BB) and Langebaan Lagoon (LL) The concentration of cadmium and the normalized Cd:Al ratios were highest at site SB 1 (Yacht Club Basin) which is historically an area of high metal contamination (Figure 6.16 and Figure 6.18). This may be due to the discharge of a variety of anthropogenic contaminants related to boating activity (fuel leakage, anti fouling paints etc). The normalized Cu:Al ratios show a considerable amount of spatial variability. The sites in the southern region of the lagoon (LL33, LL37, LL39, LL40 and LL41) and along the ore jetty (SB3, SB14 and SB15) and in the yacht club basin (SB1) in Small Bay have high normalized copper concentrations. Sites SB1, SB14 and SB15 correspond to areas of high boating activity, and also exhibited elevated Cu:Al ratios in 2008 and 2009. The input of copper at these sites may thus be related to the use of antifouling paints which characteristically State of the Bay 2010: Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon
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State of the Bay 2010: Saldanha Bay
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Anchor Environmen
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11 BIRDS 234 Anchor Environmental 1
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LIST OF FIGURES Anchor Environmenta
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Anchor Environmental Figure 4.27. O
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Anchor Environmental Figure 7.3. Ch
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Anchor Environmental Figure 9.10. C
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Anchor Environmental Figure 12.1. N
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Anchor Environmental samples were c
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Anchor Environmen
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Anchor Environmental matter in the
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Anchor Environmental considered mos
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Anchor Environmental again in 2004,
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Anchor Environmental Populations of
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GLOSSARY Alien species An introduce
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1 INTRODUCTION Anchor Environmental
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2 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT Anchor E
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Anchor Environmental complicates ma
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Anchor Environmental observed deter
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Anchor Environmental 4 ACTIVITIES A
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Fish factories Small craft harbour
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Anchor Environmental Aerial photogr
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Anchor Environmental interferes wit
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Anchor Environmental Figure 4.7. Nu
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o Decrease in oxygen concentrations
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Anchor Environmental Upgrades to th
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Anchor Environmental Figure 4.9. A)
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Anchor Environmental (possibly link
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Anchor Environmental Prestedge Reti
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Anchor Environmental the constructi
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Number and types of vessels enterin
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Anchor Environmental is contained b
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Anchor Environmental include the be
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o 33 3’S o 33 10’S Saldanha Bay
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Anchor Environmental (1956) UNDER T
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Free ACtive Chlorine (mg/l) Amonia
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Faecal coliforms (org/100 ml) Chemi
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4.3.7 Storm water Anchor Environmen
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Anchor Environmental sites (concent
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Page 83 and 84: Anchor Environmental Table 4.9. Det
Page 85 and 86: 5 WATER QUALITY Anchor Environmenta
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Page 89 and 90: Anchor Environmental coast, result
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Page 93 and 94: Anchor Environmental Construction o
Page 95 and 96: Anchor Environmental Table 5.2. Per
Page 103 and 104: Counts per 100ml of sample Counts p
Page 105 and 106: Counts per 100ml of sample 10000 10
Page 107 and 108: 5.6 Trace Metal Contaminants in the
Page 109 and 110: State of the Bay 2010: Saldanha Bay
Page 111 and 112: Lead(mg/kg) Mercury (mg/kg) Cadmium
Page 113 and 114: 6 SEDIMENTS 6.1 Sediment particle s
Page 115 and 116: 6.1.2 Sediment Particle size result
Page 119 and 120: 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
Page 125 and 126: % POC 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 % PO
Page 127 and 128: Percentage Percentage 1.8 1.6 1.4 1
Page 129 and 130: o 33 3’S o 33 10’S Yacht Club B
Page 131: Figure 6.12. Variation in the conce
Page 135 and 136: concentrations are 56 and 29 times
Page 137 and 138: threshold of 1.2 mg/kg established
Page 139 and 140: Cadmium (mg/kg) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 C
Page 141 and 142: Copper (mg/kg) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15
Page 143 and 144: 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4
Page 145 and 146: In summary, elevated trace metal co
Page 147 and 148: 6.5 Summary of sediment health stat
Page 149 and 150: 7.1 Long term changes in seagrass i
Page 151 and 152: 7.2 Long term changes in Saltmarshe
Page 153 and 154: Figure 8.1. Benthic macrofauna samp
Page 155 and 156: Table 8.1. Depth at each of the sit
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Page 159 and 160: (clustering of similar groups) (Meg
Page 161 and 162: The Big Bay samples BB 25 and BB29
Page 163 and 164: 2007/08 dredging. Other signs of th
Page 165 and 166: Wet mass per m² Wet mass per m² 4
Page 167 and 168: Big Bay Crustaceans and polychaetes
Page 169 and 170: Average number of individuals per m
Page 171 and 172: Number Individuals per m² Number I
Page 173 and 174: 8.4.2 Abundance Biomass Indices 8.4
Page 175 and 176: and percentage organic nitrogen (PO
Page 177 and 178: Table 8.5. W statistics at all stat
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.15: Variation in the diver
Page 181 and 182: percentage of mud compared to Lange
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Cu (mg/kg) Cd (mg/kg) Ni (mg/kg) Pb
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contaminants. Furthermore dredging
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areas even 5 months after the clear
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Brittle star ( Ophiuroidea spp) Sea
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9.2 Approach and Methodology 9.2.1
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cover data for both mobile and sess
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9.2.3 Data Analysis The similaritie
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40%, co-occurring with sponges espe
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stands of the kelp Ecklonia maxima
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Plocamium spp. Ecklonia maxima Scut
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20 40 A Group 1 B 60 Similarity C G
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Percentage Cover 80 70 60 50 40 30
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Evenness Shannon Wiener 0.9 0.8 0.7
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2005 2008 2009 2010 Dive School Jet
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Table 9.5. Results from the SIMPER
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In general, the inter-annual differ
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The temporal distribution of M. gal
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Consistent with the previous years,
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Saldanha and Langebaan. Results fro
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The average abundance of the four m
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Anchor Environmental Figure 10.5. A
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Anchor Environmental Figure 10.7. A
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Anchor Environmental Within Big Bay
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Anchor Environmental 2008 and 2009
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Anchor Environmental the islands, b
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Anchor Environmental at Saldanha ar
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their main prey species, sardines a
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Anchor Environmental 2009). The eff
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Anchor Environmental attributed to
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Number of breeding pairs 800 700 60
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11.3 Birds of Langebaan Lagoon 11.3
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Anchor Environmental Figure 11.11.
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Anchor Environmental for the gannet
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Taxon Anchor Environmental Occurren
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Taxon Anchor Environmental Occurren
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Anchor Environmental 13 MANAGEMENT
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Anchor Environmental their operatio
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Anchor Environmental concentrations
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Anchor Environmental changes that p
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Anchor Environmental and slight imp
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Birdlife International. 2010. URL w
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Anchor Environmental penguins Sphen
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Anchor Environmental Game, E.T., Gr
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Anchor Environmental Kerwath, S. E.
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Anchor Environmental Moldan, A. 197
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Anchor Environmental Robinson, T.B.
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Anchor Environmental Tunley KL, Att
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