State of the Bay Report 2010-Final - Anchor Environmental

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Anchor Environmental Figure 12.2. Map showing changes in the distribution of the Western Pea crab Pinnixa occidentalis in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan lagoon in the period 2004-2010. State of the Bay 2010: Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon 256
Anchor Environmental 13 MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING RECOMMENDATIONS Monitoring of aquatic health and activities and discharges potentially affecting health of Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon has escalated considerably in recent years owing to concerns over declining health in the Bay. This section provides a summary of the state of health of Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon as reflected by the various environmental parameters reported on in this study. It also briefly describes current monitoring efforts and provides recommendations as to management actions that need to be implemented in order to mitigate some of the threats that have been detected. It also provides recommendations on how existing monitoring activities may need to be modified in the future to accommodate changes in the state of the Bay. 13.1 Activities and discharges affecting the health of the Bay 13.1.1 Human settlements, storm water and sewage Human settlements surrounding Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon have expanded tremendously in recent years. This is brought home very strongly by population growth rates of over 9% per annum in Langebaan and nearly 7% in Saldanha over the period 2002 to 2004. This translates to a doubling in the population size every 8 years in the former case and every 10 years in the latter. Numbers of tourists visiting the area every year are increasing a similarly rapid rate. This rapid rate in development translates to an equally rapid increase in the amounts of waste and waste water that is produced and has to be treated. Expansion and upgrades of treatment facilities have for the most part not been able to cope with such a rapid rate of expansion, with the result that much of the effluent produced is discharged to the environment without adequate treatment. The amount of hardened (as opposed to naturally vegetated) surfaces surround the Bay and Lagoon have also expanded at break-neck speed in recent years, with concomitant increases in volumes of contaminated storm water running off into the Bay. The contaminant loads in waste water running off into the Bay is not adequately monitored (e.g. there is no monitoring of storm water quality or run off from Saldanha or Langebaan, or from the Langebaan golf course which is irrigated with treated sewage effluent), nor is it adequately controlled at present (e.g. the Saldanha sewage works still operates off an exemption issued under the old Water Act of 1956 in spite of the fact that the new National Water Act with attendant water quality guidelines came into force in 1998). The contribution to trace metal and organic loading in the Bay from these sources is thus largely unknown, but is of concern. Provision has not been made for adequate buffers zones around the Lagoon and Bay with the result that development encroaches right up to the waters’ edge and is now widely threatened by coastal erosion. Disturbance from increasing numbers of people recreating in the Bay and lagoon of is taking its toll of sensitive habitats and species, especially seagrass, water birds and fish in Langebaan Lagoon. Urgent management intervention is required to limit further degradation of the environment from these pressures, and should focus on the following issues in particular: Ensuring that all discharges to the Bay are properly licensed and adequate monitored (both volume and water quality) and that the quality of the effluent is compliant with existing South African Water Quality Guidelines for the Coast Zone and any other legislative requirements; Development setback lines are established around the perimeter of the Bay and Lagoon that are compliant with new national legislation (specifically the Integrated Coast Management State of the Bay 2010: Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon 257
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State of the Bay 2010: Saldanha Bay
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Anchor Environmen
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11 BIRDS 234 Anchor Environmental 1
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LIST OF FIGURES Anchor Environmenta
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Anchor Environmental Figure 4.27. O
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Anchor Environmental Figure 7.3. Ch
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Anchor Environmental Figure 9.10. C
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Anchor Environmental Figure 12.1. N
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Anchor Environmental samples were c
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Anchor Environmen
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Anchor Environmental matter in the
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Anchor Environmental considered mos
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Anchor Environmental again in 2004,
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Anchor Environmental Populations of
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GLOSSARY Alien species An introduce
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1 INTRODUCTION Anchor Environmental
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2 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT Anchor E
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Anchor Environmental complicates ma
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Anchor Environmental observed deter
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Anchor Environmental 4 ACTIVITIES A
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Fish factories Small craft harbour
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Anchor Environmental Aerial photogr
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Anchor Environmental interferes wit
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Anchor Environmental Figure 4.7. Nu
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o Decrease in oxygen concentrations
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Anchor Environmental Upgrades to th
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Anchor Environmental Figure 4.9. A)
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Anchor Environmental (possibly link
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Anchor Environmental Prestedge Reti
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Anchor Environmental the constructi
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Number and types of vessels enterin
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Anchor Environmental is contained b
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Anchor Environmental include the be
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o 33 3’S o 33 10’S Saldanha Bay
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Anchor Environmental (1956) UNDER T
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Free ACtive Chlorine (mg/l) Amonia
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Faecal coliforms (org/100 ml) Chemi
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4.3.7 Storm water Anchor Environmen
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Anchor Environmental sites (concent
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Anchor Environmental Discharges fro
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Anchor Environmental Table 4.9. Det
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5 WATER QUALITY Anchor Environmenta
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Anchor Environmental Stander (1977)
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Anchor Environmental coast, result
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Anchor Environmental likely as a re
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Anchor Environmental Construction o
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Anchor Environmental Table 5.2. Per
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Counts per 100ml of sample Counts p
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Counts per 100ml of sample 10000 10
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5.6 Trace Metal Contaminants in the
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Lead(mg/kg) Mercury (mg/kg) Cadmium
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6 SEDIMENTS 6.1 Sediment particle s
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6.1.2 Sediment Particle size result
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100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
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% POC 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 % PO
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Percentage Percentage 1.8 1.6 1.4 1
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o 33 3’S o 33 10’S Yacht Club B
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Figure 6.12. Variation in the conce
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The concentrations of metals in sed
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concentrations are 56 and 29 times
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threshold of 1.2 mg/kg established
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Cadmium (mg/kg) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 C
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Copper (mg/kg) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15
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16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4
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In summary, elevated trace metal co
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6.5 Summary of sediment health stat
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7.1 Long term changes in seagrass i
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7.2 Long term changes in Saltmarshe
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Figure 8.1. Benthic macrofauna samp
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Table 8.1. Depth at each of the sit
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these species usually provide the l
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(clustering of similar groups) (Meg
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The Big Bay samples BB 25 and BB29
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2007/08 dredging. Other signs of th
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Wet mass per m² Wet mass per m² 4
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Big Bay Crustaceans and polychaetes
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Average number of individuals per m
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Number Individuals per m² Number I
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8.4.2 Abundance Biomass Indices 8.4
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and percentage organic nitrogen (PO
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Table 8.5. W statistics at all stat
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Figure 8.15: Variation in the diver
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percentage of mud compared to Lange
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Cu (mg/kg) Cd (mg/kg) Ni (mg/kg) Pb
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contaminants. Furthermore dredging
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areas even 5 months after the clear
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Brittle star ( Ophiuroidea spp) Sea
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9.2 Approach and Methodology 9.2.1
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cover data for both mobile and sess
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9.2.3 Data Analysis The similaritie
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40%, co-occurring with sponges espe
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stands of the kelp Ecklonia maxima
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Plocamium spp. Ecklonia maxima Scut
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20 40 A Group 1 B 60 Similarity C G
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Page 207 and 208: Evenness Shannon Wiener 0.9 0.8 0.7
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Page 247 and 248: 11.3 Birds of Langebaan Lagoon 11.3
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